摘要:

隨著全世界范圍內(nèi)肥胖人群不斷增加，減糖和控糖已成為人們最迫切的健康需求之一。代糖（分為糖醇類、天然甜味劑和人工甜味劑）因能量低、甜度高等特點(diǎn)，已被當(dāng)為糖的替代品，廣泛應(yīng)用于食品加工。本文從代糖的分類、代謝途徑、優(yōu)勢、使用及其對人體健康的影響展開，重點(diǎn)介紹了代糖攝入與肥胖、糖尿病、腸道微生物、高血壓和全因死亡率之間的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)有證據(jù)顯示，總體上長期大量攝入代糖與不良結(jié)局有關(guān)，如血壓升高、糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加、致癌和全因死亡率提高，但糖醇類和天然甜味劑對人體腸道微生物多樣性可能產(chǎn)生有益的影響，而人工甜味劑會(huì)導(dǎo)致腸道微生物群失衡。不同代糖產(chǎn)生的健康效應(yīng)不同，當(dāng)前研究更多集中在單一代糖，而市面上銷售的近半數(shù)使用代糖的產(chǎn)品中添加了2種及以上的代糖，多種代糖混合暴露對人體的健康效應(yīng)尚不明確。將來的研究有必要對常見代糖組合的健康影響進(jìn)行流行病學(xué)研究和分子機(jī)制研究。

關(guān)鍵詞: 代糖  /  甜味劑  /  人體健康  

Abstract:

Sugar reduction and restriction have become one of the most urgent health demands as the number of obese people increases globally. Sugar substitutes (mainly classified into sugar alcohols, natural sweeteners, and artificial sweeteners) have been widely used in food processing as alternatives to sugar for their low energy and high sweetness. Thus, the classification, metabolism pathways, advantages, applications, and human health effects of sugar substitutes, their effects on human health were introduced, and the relationships between sugar substitutes and obesity, diabetes, intestinal microbes, hypertension, and all-cause mortality were emphatically summarized in this paper. Generally, long-term high intake of sugar substitutes is associated with adverse health outcomes such as elevated blood pressure, higher risks of diabetes, cancer, and increased all-cause mortality. Meanwhile, sugar alcohols and natural sweeteners are more likely to associate with beneficial effects on human gut microbial diversity, while artificial sweeteners associate with imbalance of gut microbiota based on available evidence. Current published research focuses on single sugar substitute exposure with varied health effects, while nearly half of commercial sugar substitute products contain two or more sugar substitutes. The effects of exposure to multiple sugar substitutes on human health are not clear yet, so further strengthening the relevant epidemiological and molecular mechanism research is necessary.

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