The mediating effects of hope and loneliness on the relationship between social support and social well-being in the elderly

YAO Ruosong, GUO Mengshi, YE Haosheng ,

Department of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

Abstract

Aging is a complex process of physical, psychological and social changes. With the advent of the era of China’s aging, the physical and mental health of the elderly has drawn more and more attention by our society. Aging is set of unavoidable and irreversible processes, but it is possible to age gracefully. Successful aging has always been an important subject in positive psychology. It focuses on the development of the mental health of the elderly.

Based on the theory of positive psychology, the current study investigated the mediating effects of hope and loneliness on the relationship between perceived social support and social well-being in the elderly via a questionnaire survey. In addition, the indirect effect model of hope was verified to establish the relationship model among these three variables and to explore the internal mechanism that enhances the development of psychological well-being among the elderly.

The findings indicate the following: (1) social support, hope, and loneliness are all related to social well-being; (2) social support plays a vital role in social well-being among the elderly; (3) hope plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between social support and social well-being; (4) loneliness plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between social support and social well-being; and (5) hope and loneliness play part of the mediating role of the multiple mediating effects that social support affect social well-being.

The current study validates the impact of social support on social well-being and the partially mediating roles of hope and loneliness. Accordingly, this study enriches positive psychology research and can ease the psychological health of the elderly to provide an effective empirical basis, and it provides suggestions for the well-being education of the elderly. The study is beneficial to improving the mental health of the elderly in practice, to improve the awareness of the elderly for seeking social support, and promote the good mentality of elderly training. In addition, the study is helpful to reduce the negative experience of loneliness, enhance their hope for future life, and so improve the social well-being of older people.

Keywords：social support;social well-being;hope;loneliness;intermediation;the elderly

1 前言

隨著中國老齡化的到來, 老年人的身心健康問題日益得到社會的重視與關(guān)注。近年來, 積極心理學(xué)在老年人心理健康發(fā)展方面日益得到重視, 而幸福感作為大多數(shù)社會高度重視的目標(biāo)和生活的動力, 是其關(guān)注的焦點。對幸福感的研究, 最開始集中于主觀幸福感和心理幸福感, 二者強調(diào)的皆為個體特征(曹瑞, 李芳, 張海霞, 2013)。個體不能夠單獨存在, 而是處于集體與社會架構(gòu)之中, 需要面臨著眾多社會責(zé)任和任務(wù)。因此, 這兩種研究取向?qū)π腋８械亩x尚不完善。而Keyes (1998)提出的幸福感的第三種研究思路——社會幸福感, 重點關(guān)注個體在社會中的存在, 關(guān)注其幸福感的公共領(lǐng)域。他認為社會幸福感即個體對其在社會中及周圍環(huán)境關(guān)系的評價, 包括社會整合、社會認同、社會貢獻、社會實現(xiàn)以及社會和諧。陳浩彬和苗元江(2012)則認為, 社會幸福感真正實現(xiàn)于個體的存在與發(fā)展對社會產(chǎn)生了積極影響。目前為止, 社會幸福感沒有統(tǒng)一的定義, 但大多數(shù)研究者認為社會幸福感與個體的社會評估有緊密聯(lián)系, 是探討個體心理健康的關(guān)鍵, 對提高人們心理健康水平有著十分重要的意義(Salehi et al., 2017)。因此, 本研究選用社會幸福感模型反映幸福感。

社會支持指個體從親人、朋友、同事或團體組織等社會關(guān)系中獲得的物質(zhì)和精神支持(劉曉, 黃希亭, 2010)。肖水源(1994)認為, 社會支持可以分為客觀支持、主觀支持和對支持的利用度三方面。其中, 客觀支持即個體在社會中獲得的實際支持; 主觀支持指受到尊重、支持和理解的主觀經(jīng)驗, 是將社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)和生活質(zhì)量相結(jié)合的重要方面; 對支持的利用度也就是個體對獲得支持的利用程度。大量研究證明, 社會支持對個體的健康成長有積極作用。Lin和Yeh (2014)認為, 社會支持會影響個體的認知評價, 從而提高個體對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性。社會支持使得個體相信自己被關(guān)心和接受, 減輕個體心理壓力, 消除個體的心理障礙, 從而提高個體對未來的希望, 提高個體心理健康水平(Dreyer & Schwartz- Attias, 2014)。完善的社會支持系統(tǒng), 能幫助個體保持健康或從傷害中得以恢復(fù), 提高個體的希望水平, 減少個體的孤獨感和抑郁風(fēng)險(Rueger, Malecki, Pyun, Aycock, & Coyle, 2016)。

希望面向未來, 是個體對未來的看法與注意, 追求讓事情變得更好, 可以帶來社會幸福感, 這是積極心理學(xué)未來的一個發(fā)展趨勢(Scioli, Ricci, Nyugenetal, & Scioli, 2011)。希望指對實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)能力的信念, 特別在能夠通過使用個人能力或優(yōu)勢來影響成果的情況下(Rand et al., 2012)。同時希望是一種積極的動機性狀態(tài), 是以追求成功的動力和路徑交互作用為基礎(chǔ)的心理現(xiàn)象(Snyder, 2002)。其中, 動力是追求目標(biāo)和實現(xiàn)預(yù)期目標(biāo)能力的動機, 路徑思維是發(fā)展目標(biāo)達成的路線(Crane, 2014)。Pacico, Bastianello, Zanon和Hutz (2013)指出, 希望是面向未來的力量, 是認知過程中的一種動機成分。希望能夠發(fā)展和培養(yǎng)個體的積極心理(如幸福感), 改善身體和心理健康狀況(Rock, Steiner, Rand, & Bigatti, 2014), 減緩個體自殺的想法, 對老年人身心健康有著積極的影響。因此, 研究者還致力于探討提高希望的因素, 試圖確定出現(xiàn)失望或缺乏希望的有效指標(biāo), 如焦慮, 抑郁, 壓力或擔(dān)心。過往研究結(jié)果表明, 增加社會支持可以幫助個體經(jīng)歷更少的壓力, 并使其在面臨問題時擁有更多希望(Doolittle & Farrell, 2004)。

孤獨感是所有年齡段人類普遍共有的一種體驗。Murphy (2006)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 老年人、女性和社交孤立的人更容易體驗到孤獨感。Chalise, Saito和Kai (2007)認為, 孤獨感是一種“心靈上的南極”, 是關(guān)于情感和經(jīng)歷的復(fù)雜心理。Weiss (1973)提出, 孤獨感包含情感孤獨和社交孤獨。其中, 情感孤獨通常發(fā)生在個體缺乏親密的配偶或合作伙伴時, 這種孤獨感會隨著新的親密關(guān)系的發(fā)展而消逝; 社交孤獨發(fā)生在個體認為沒有比較合適的社交關(guān)系時, 或可能是個體未能或者只能從朋友或家人中獲得有限的支持造成的, 而當(dāng)個體對自己的社交關(guān)系產(chǎn)生錯誤認知時, 社交孤獨也會產(chǎn)生(Weiss, 1973)。Muyan等人(2016)指出, 孤獨感是一種負面的情緒狀態(tài), 反映個體對自身社會參與和交往水平的不滿意, 與個體心理健康密切相關(guān)。

近10年來, 雖然積極心理學(xué)在國內(nèi)外掀起了一股熱潮, 國內(nèi)依然缺乏對老年積極心理的關(guān)注與重視。目前國內(nèi)更關(guān)注老年人身體健康及其對策研究, 而關(guān)于老年心理機制方面的實證研究較少, 難以為培養(yǎng)和激發(fā)老年人健康向上的積極性發(fā)揮作用。為了向老年群體的實際心理需求提供幫助, 應(yīng)呼吁全社會給予老年群體密切關(guān)注。因此, 本研究從積極心理學(xué)視角探討社會支持、希望、孤獨感與老年人社會幸福感之間的關(guān)系, 構(gòu)建這四個變量的關(guān)系模型, 以期為提升老年人的心理健康程度提供合理和有效的建議。

過往研究中, 吳捷(2008)指出, 老年人社會支持、幸福感和孤獨感間各個維度均相關(guān)顯著, 不同社會支持水平的老年人感受到的孤獨感和幸福感也有顯著差異, 并且社會支持水平越高, 孤獨體驗越少, 幸福感越高。Rueger等人(2016)研究表明, 社會支持作為個體健康成長的重要保護因素, 與其幸福感相關(guān)顯著。

因而, 本研究提出假設(shè)H1：社會支持及其各維度對社會幸福感產(chǎn)生顯著的正向影響作用。

希望作為積極心理學(xué)重要的研究內(nèi)容, 與社會支持有著密切關(guān)系。鐘劍濤(2012)研究表明, 獲得更多社會支持的高中生, 其希望水平更高, 社會支持能顯著預(yù)測希望水平。Demirli, Türkmen和Ar?k (2015)認為希望與幸福感有顯著的正相關(guān), 希望水平較高的個體, 其幸福感程度也較高, 希望還會對個體健康蓬勃發(fā)展產(chǎn)生積極影響。另外, 還有研究提出, 社會支持通過希望對老年人幸福感起作用(周蜀溪, 2013); 具有更高質(zhì)量社會關(guān)系的個體往往有更高的希望水平(Luo, Qin, & Zheng, 2014), 而高水平的希望幫助人們應(yīng)對困難(Roesch, Duangado, Vaughn, Aldridge, & Villodas, 2010), 進而提高個體的社會幸福感水平。

從而, 本研究提出假設(shè)H2：希望在社會支持和社會幸福感間起部分中介作用。

互動主義理論認為, 孤獨是對缺乏滿意社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的回應(yīng)(Beal, 2006)。而社會支持可以填補社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)與社會接觸需求之間的差距(Kuhirunyaratn, Pongpanich, Somrongthong, & Chapman, 2007), 從而減輕孤獨感。Ayalon, Shiovitz-Ezra和Palgi (2013)研究指出, 社會交往的頻率、內(nèi)容和意義對孤獨感有很重要的影響。韋艷、劉旭東和張艷平(2010)提出, 社會支持對女性老年人孤獨感有顯著負向影響, 而孤獨感影響個體生活質(zhì)量。Sharabi, Levi和Margalit (2012)研究表明, 孤獨感與希望、家庭氛圍有密切關(guān)系, 同時孤獨感、希望和家庭氛圍也是個體發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。過往研究表明, 孤獨感在社會支持對幸福感的影響中起中介作用(陳抗, 張英彥, 2013)。

據(jù)此, 本研究提出假設(shè)H3：孤獨感在社會支持與社會幸福感之間起部分中介作用。

社會支持影響社會幸福感的中介變量(如希望、孤獨感)之間, 可能存在著復(fù)雜的相互作用, 從而導(dǎo)致某個中介作用的減弱甚至消失。例如, 過往研究表明, 自尊在完美主義和壓力關(guān)系間起中介作用, 而Park, Heppner和Lee (2010)引入中介變量應(yīng)對方式后發(fā)現(xiàn), 自尊的中介作用完全消失。

基于此, 本研究提出假設(shè)H4：社會支持通過希望和孤獨感多元雙重中介進而影響社會幸福感。

2 研究方法

2.1 研究樣本

施測對象取自廣東省某10個社區(qū)老年人活動中心以及某老干部大學(xué), 共選取60歲以上老年人被試1300人并發(fā)放問卷1300份, 回收問卷1056份, 回收率達81.23%, 無效問卷去除后剩余有效問卷859份, 有效率為81.34%。其中男性樣本382份, 女性樣本477份。

2.2 研究工具

采用肖水源(1994)編制的社會支持評定量表, 問卷包含主觀支持、客觀支持和對支持的利用度三個維度, 共10個條目, 該量表Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.92。本研究中問卷Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.79, 各維度Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.74, 0.77, 0.73。問卷的驗證性因素分析模型各項擬合指數(shù)較好, χ2/df = 6.97、RMSEA = 0.06、GFI = 0.97、AGFI = 0.96、NFI = 0.89、IFI = 0.91、TLI = 0.87、CFI = 0.91。同時, 各題項的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因素負荷大于0.50, 說明該問卷聚合效度良好。

采用任俊(2006)修訂的中文版《成人性情希望量表》, 問卷包含路徑思維和意愿動力兩個維度, 共12個條目, 量表Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.74~0.88。本研究中問卷Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.88, 各維度Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.85, 0.89。對問卷進行驗證性因素分析, 結(jié)果表明模型的各項擬合指數(shù)較好, χ2/df = 10.23、RMSEA = 0.07、GFI = 0.97、AGFI = 0.94、NFI = 0.93、IFI = 0.94、TLI = 0.91、CFI = 0.94。同時, 各題項的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因素負荷在0.50~0.65之間, 表明該問卷聚合效度良好。

采用吳捷(2008)修訂的中文版《情緒社交孤獨感量表》, 問卷包含社交孤獨和情緒孤獨兩個維度, 共15個條目, 該量表Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.80~0.83。本研究中問卷Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.91, 各維度Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.91, 0.92。對問卷進行驗證性因素分析, 結(jié)果表明模型的各項擬合指數(shù)較好, χ2/df = 6.18、RMSEA = 0.05、GFI = 0.96、AGFI = 0.95、NFI = 0.93、IFI = 0.94、TLI = 0.93、CFI = 0.94。同時, 各題項的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因素負荷在0.52~0.75之間, 說明該問卷聚合效度良好。

采用苗元江和王青華(2009)修訂的中文版《社會幸福感量表》, 問卷包含社會實現(xiàn)、社會和諧、社會整合、社會認同和社會貢獻五個維度, 共15個條目,該量表Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.78, 各維度Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.71, 0.69, 0.73, 0.71, 0.68。本研究中問卷Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.81。對問卷進行驗證性因素分析, 結(jié)果表明模型的各項擬合指數(shù)較好, χ2/df = 7.82、RMSEA = 0.06、GFI = 0.95、AGFI = 0.93、NFI = 0.91、IFI = 0.92、TLI = 0.90、CFI = 0.92。同時, 各題項的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因素負荷在0.56~0.90之間, 表明該問卷聚合效度良好。

2.3 程序

在某老干部大學(xué)以班級為單位、某十個社區(qū)老年人活動中心以小組為單位, 進行統(tǒng)一團體施測, 問卷當(dāng)場回收, 并采用SPSS 19.0、AMOS 21.0及M-Plus 7.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。

2.4 共同方法偏差檢驗

將四個問卷的所有項目進行探索性因素分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 第一個因素解釋了總變異的16.24%, 可認為研究不存在嚴重的共同方法偏差(周浩, 龍立榮, 2004)。將社會支持、希望、孤獨感和社會幸福感各個項目經(jīng)過中心化處理, 以減弱共線性問題造成的影響。

3 結(jié)果與分析

3.1 社會幸福感與社會支持、希望和孤獨感的相關(guān)關(guān)系

對社會支持、希望、孤獨感和社會幸福感四個研究變量進行相關(guān)分析, 結(jié)果如表1所示?？芍? 社會支持、希望與社會幸福感顯著正相關(guān), 孤獨感與社會幸福感顯著負相關(guān)。社會支持與希望顯著正相關(guān), 與孤獨感顯著負相關(guān)。孤獨感與希望顯著負相關(guān)。為進一步檢驗假設(shè)提供了初步的支持。

表1  社會支持、希望、孤獨感和社會幸福感 相關(guān)關(guān)系分析(N = 859)

變量M ± SD社會支持希望孤獨感社會支持-0.28 ± 4.34-希望-0.22 ± 10.700.33**-孤獨感0.19 ± 7.51-0.41**-0.29**-社會幸福感-0.13 ± 4.120.43**0.42**-0.31**

注：*表示p < 0.05, **表示p < 0.01, ***表示p < 0.001; 數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過中心化處理(下同)

新窗口打開|下載CSV

為檢驗社會支持對老年人社會幸福感的影響, 以社會支持各個維度為預(yù)測變量, 以社會幸福感為結(jié)果變量, 對老年人樣本進行逐步多元回歸分析, 結(jié)果如表2所示?？芍? 社會支持各維度對社會幸福感五個維度均有顯著的正向預(yù)測作用, 共預(yù)測了社會幸福感總變異量的19.00%。

表2  社會支持各維度對社會幸福感各維度的多元回歸分析(N = 859)

因變量預(yù)測變量R2FΒt社會
幸福感主觀支持0.15150.13***0.298.42***對支持利用度0.1892.98***0.164.95***客觀支持0.1967.84***0.134.82***社會
實現(xiàn)主觀支持0.0987.49***0.236.40***對支持利用度0.1152.27***0.123.47***客觀支持0.1238.29***0.113.05**社會
和諧主觀支持0.0441.46***0.185.07***對支持利用度0.0524.87***0.112.82**客觀支持0.0522.64***0.102.72**社會
整合主觀支持0.1098.67***0.246.66***對支持利用度0.1260.49***0.143.95***客觀支持0.1344.90***0.123.48***社會
認同主觀支持0.0989.57***0.246.69***對支持利用度0.1151.62***0.113.10**客觀支持0.1237.24***0.102.77**社會
貢獻主觀支持0.0545.34***0.133.58***對支持利用度0.0733.68***0.143.96***客觀支持0.0928.00***0.143.94***

新窗口打開|下載CSV

3.2 社會支持影響社會幸福感：希望與孤獨感的中介效應(yīng)模型

根據(jù)以上研究結(jié)果, 以希望和孤獨感為中介, 分別構(gòu)建以社會支持為自變量, 社會幸福感為因變量的競爭模型和修正模型, 并采用Bootstrap法予以校正(方杰, 張敏強, 邱皓政, 2012), 以探討社會支持影響老年人社會幸福感的內(nèi)部機制。

首先, 構(gòu)建社會支持通過希望影響社會幸福感, 同時社會支持指向社會幸福感的基礎(chǔ)模型a。同樣的, 構(gòu)建社會支持通過孤獨感影響希望, 同時社會支持指向社會幸福感的基礎(chǔ)模型b。接著, 構(gòu)建社會支持通過希望影響社會幸福感, 通過孤獨感影響社會幸福感, 同時社會支持指向社會幸福感的模型c。三個模型的各項擬合指數(shù)皆達到良好水平, RMSEA在0.04~0.08之間, GFI、AGFI、NFI、IFI、CFI指數(shù)皆在0.90以上。如表3所示。

表3  各個模型的擬合指數(shù)

模型χ2/dfRMSEAGFIAGFINFIIFICFIa6.340.080.960.920.910.920.92b2.460.040.990.970.970.980.98c5.580.070.950.920.910.930.93

新窗口打開|下載CSV

模型a的模型與數(shù)據(jù)擬合良好。社會支持可顯著正向預(yù)測希望與社會幸福感, 同時希望可以顯著的正向預(yù)測社會幸福感, 說明社會支持對社會幸福感的影響既有直接效應(yīng)也有間接效應(yīng)。其中, 社會支持對社會幸福感的直接效應(yīng)是0.47, 占總效應(yīng)(0.63)的74.60%, 間接效應(yīng)是0.16, 占總效應(yīng)的25.40%。另外, Bootstrap法分析結(jié)果顯示, “社會支持→希望→社會幸福感”路徑的95%置信區(qū)間不包含0, 驗證了希望在社會支持與社會幸福感間的中介效應(yīng)。因此, 社會支持、希望和老年人社會幸福感的關(guān)系支持中介效應(yīng)模型。

模型b的模型與數(shù)據(jù)擬合良好。社會支持可顯著正向預(yù)測希望, 可顯著負向預(yù)測孤獨感。另外, Bootstrap法分析結(jié)果顯示, “社會支持→孤獨感→社會幸福感”路徑的95%置信區(qū)間不包含0, 驗證了孤獨感在社會支持與社會幸福感間的中介效應(yīng)。因此, 社會支持、孤獨感和老年人社會幸福感的關(guān)系支持中介效應(yīng)模型。其中, 社會支持對社會幸福感的直接效應(yīng)是0.60, 占總效應(yīng)(0.64)的93.75%, 間接效應(yīng)是0.04, 占總效應(yīng)的6.25%。

模型c的模型與數(shù)據(jù)擬合良好。社會支持顯著正向影響社會幸福感(直接效應(yīng)為0.48)和希望(直接效應(yīng)為0.51), 顯著負向影響孤獨感(直接效應(yīng)為-0.63); 中介效應(yīng)是0.15, 占總體效應(yīng)(0.63)的23.81%。另外, Bootstrap法分析結(jié)果顯示, “社會支持→希望、孤獨感→社會幸福感”路徑的95%置信區(qū)間不包含0。上述結(jié)果說明, 在檢驗社會支持影響社會幸福感的多重中介時, 希望和孤獨感同時起中介作用。社會支持、希望、孤獨感和老年人社會幸福感的關(guān)系支持中介效應(yīng)模型。本研究模型c及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)見圖1。

圖1

圖1  社會支持、希望、孤獨感和社會幸福感的關(guān)系模型及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)

注：ZGZC、KGZC、ZCLY是社會支持的3個維度：主觀支持、客觀支持、對支持的利用度; LJSW、YYDL是希望的2個維度：路徑思維、意愿動力; SJGD、QXGD是孤獨感的2個維度：社交孤獨、情緒孤獨; SHSX、SHHX、SHZH、SHRT、SHGX是社會幸福感的5個維度：社會實現(xiàn)、社會和諧、社會整合、社會認同、社會貢獻。

4 討論

4.1 社會支持及其各維度對社會幸福感的影響

過往研究雖然驗證了社會支持對個體幸福感的影響作用, 提出社會支持正向預(yù)測幸福感水平, 但缺乏關(guān)于社會支持及其各維度對社會幸福感產(chǎn)生的作用研究。本研究把社會支持的三個維度作為社會幸福感的預(yù)測變量, 構(gòu)建了主觀支持、客觀支持以及對支持的利用度與社會幸福感之間的回歸模型, 探討社會支持三個維度分別對社會幸福感的作用。結(jié)果表明, 主觀支持、客觀支持以及個體對支持的利用度均與社會幸福感顯著正相關(guān)。驗證了假設(shè)1。

這說明, 老年人獲得的信息、物質(zhì)、情感等方面的社會支持越多, 其實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的可能性就越大, 在整個和諧的社會大環(huán)境中, 對社會的認同、貢獻等也就越高, 從而會有更高的社會幸福感水平。因此, 提高老年人的社會幸福感水平, 需要在提供客觀支持時, 讓其感受到被尊重和支持, 并提高其對支持資源的利用度。

4.2 希望和孤獨感的中介效應(yīng)

本研究以希望為中介, 建構(gòu)社會支持影響社會幸福感的結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 社會支持、希望和社會幸福感間的路徑系數(shù)顯著。這說明社會支持可直接影響老年人的社會幸福感水平, 同時可通過老年人希望間接影響其社會幸福感水平。表明老年人希望在社會支持影響其社會幸福感中起著部分中介作用, 社會支持通過老年人希望對其社會幸福感的影響符合中介效應(yīng)模型。驗證了假設(shè)2。這與周蜀溪(2013)研究結(jié)果基本一致, 個體幸福感水平的高低易受社會支持和希望的共同影響?？梢? 社會支持是提高希望水平的基礎(chǔ), 也是影響個體社會幸福感水平的因素, 個體社會幸福感程度的高低受社會支持及希望水平的影響。這可能是因為, 社會支持程度高的個體感受到更多的社會正面氛圍, 更容易積攢社會正能量, 從而對自身、他人與社會的發(fā)展與進步更加充滿希望, 則越能促進個體社會幸福感水平的提升。

以孤獨感為中介, 建構(gòu)社會支持影響社會幸福感的結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 社會支持可直接影響社會幸福感, 同時可通過孤獨感間接影響社會幸福感水平。這與已有的研究結(jié)果是一致的, 孤獨感在社會支持和個體的幸福感水平之間起中介作用(孔風(fēng)等, 2012)。表明社會支持通過孤獨感對老年人社會幸福感的影響符合中介效應(yīng)模型, 驗證了假設(shè)3?？梢? 社會支持是降低孤獨感的相關(guān)因素, 也是影響個體社會幸福感水平的因素, 個體社會幸福感水平的高低受到社會支持及孤獨感水平的影響。提高老年人的社會幸福感水平, 不僅需要加強對其的主觀支持、客觀支持, 提高其對支持的利用度, 還需要重視其社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建立, 降低老年人的情感孤獨和社交孤獨水平。

通過希望和孤獨感的多重中介作用, 構(gòu)建社會支持影響社會幸福感的結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 社會支持顯著正向影響社會幸福感和希望, 顯著負向影響孤獨感; Bootstrap法分析結(jié)果顯示, “社會支持→希望、孤獨感→社會幸福感”路徑的95%置信區(qū)間不包含0。上述研究證實, 在同時檢驗希望和孤獨感在社會支持影響社會幸福感的多重中介效應(yīng)時, 希望、孤獨感在社會支持和社會幸福感間同時起部分中介作用, 驗證了假設(shè)4。

4.3 研究意義

本研究拓展了老年人社會幸福感的影響因素研究, 并探討了社會支持、希望和孤獨感對老年人社會幸福感的影響機制。結(jié)果充實了老年人積極心理領(lǐng)域的研究, 并對老年人心理健康疏導(dǎo)提供有效的實證依據(jù), 以便科學(xué)合理地對待老年人心理健康問題。研究有利于在老年人的心理健康實踐中, 提高老年人尋求社會支持的意識, 促進老年人良好心態(tài)的培養(yǎng)。以期能夠減少老年人對孤獨感的負面體驗, 提升其對未來生活的希望, 從而增強老年人的社會幸福感。

針對這個研究結(jié)果, 為了提高老年人的社會幸福感, 需要構(gòu)建服務(wù)老年人全方位的社會支持網(wǎng)絡(luò), 為老年人提供物質(zhì)和精神支持。因此, 子女應(yīng)加強對老年人心理健康的重視, 更多的關(guān)心和支持老人; 社區(qū)服務(wù)中心等則可以通過舉辦活動、設(shè)立基金等, 加強老年人社會交往。另外, 加強對老年人的心理輔導(dǎo)和對社會支持利用的教育, 也可能減少老年人孤獨感水平, 增強老年人對未來的希望。

5 研究結(jié)論

(1)社會支持及其各維度可顯著正向預(yù)測老年人的社會幸福感程度。

(2)社會支持和希望對老年人社會幸福感的影響符合中介效應(yīng)模型, 希望在社會支持和社會幸福感間起部分中介作用。

(3)社會支持和孤獨感對老年人社會幸福感的影響符合中介效應(yīng)模型, 孤獨感在社會支持和社會幸福感間起部分中介作用。

(4)在同時檢驗希望和孤獨感的中介作用時, 社會支持通過希望和孤獨感對老年人社會幸福感起作用。

參考文獻

[1]

Ayalon L., Shiovitz-Ezra S., & Palgi Y . ( 2013).

Associations of loneliness in older married men and women

Aging & mental health, 17( 1), 33-39.

DOI:10.1080/13607863.2012.702725    URL    PMID:22788950     [本文引用: 1]

Abstract We evaluated the associations between loneliness and subjective appraisals of marital relationship as well as reciprocal associations of loneliness in married men and women. The Health and Retirement Study is a national survey of older adults over the age of 50, residing in the US. This study is based on a paper and pencil questionnaire administered in the year 2006. Overall, 2723 couples completed this questionnaire. Loneliness was evaluated using the three-item version of the Revised University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. A non-recursive path analysis was conducted. The model suggested that subjective appraisals of the relationship with spouse play a major role in one's sense of loneliness. In addition, loneliness in men and women shares reciprocal associations. The model explained 24% and 29% of the variability in loneliness reported by married men and women, respectively. Results indicate that capitalizing and enhancing one's social life might also be beneficial for his or her partner. Any intervention to alleviate loneliness in married couples has to take into consideration their perceived marital relationship as well as the reciprocal associations of loneliness in married men and women.

[2]

Beal C . ( 2006).

Loneliness in older women: A review of the literature

Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27( 7), 795-813.

DOI:10.1080/01612840600781196    URL    PMID:16849264     [本文引用: 1]

Older women report more loneliness than male peers. Loneliness is an area of concern related to the well being of older women because it is a cause of and is linked to a variety of health problems in older individuals. Life changes, including widowhood and relocation, are associated with increased vulnerability to loneliness. Gender, social, and cultural factors influence the experience of loneliness in older women. Cognitive and interactionist theoretical approaches to loneliness have utility for nursing practice and research with older women who experience loneliness.

[3]

Cao R., Li F., & Zhang H. X . ( 2013).

From subjective well- being to psychological well-being and social well-being - A new perspective of positive psychology

Journal of Tianjin Academy of Educational Science, 5, 68-70.

[本文引用: 1]

[

曹瑞, 李芳, 張海霞 . ( 2013).

從主觀幸福感到心理幸福感、社會幸福感--積極心理學(xué)研究的新視角

天津市教科院學(xué)報, 5, 68-70.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2277.2013.05.021    URL     [本文引用: 1]

幸福感的研究一開始就具有兩種傾向:以快樂論為哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的主觀幸福感和以實現(xiàn)論為哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的心理幸福感。主觀幸福感是過去一段時間幸福感測量的主流理論,心理幸福感、社會幸福感的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展動搖了主觀幸福感的壟斷地位,使得當(dāng)前幸福感的研究由側(cè)重主觀體驗和感受向追求自我實現(xiàn)以及社會存在價值對人存在價值的意義轉(zhuǎn)變。幸福感研究一直是積極心理學(xué)的核心主題,幸福感研究的上述趨勢促進了積極心理學(xué)從關(guān)注情感體驗的幸福觀向關(guān)注人生豐盈蓬勃發(fā)展的幸福觀轉(zhuǎn)變。

[4]

Chalise H. N., Saito T., & Kai I . ( 2007).

Correlates of loneliness among older Newar adults in Nepal

Japanese Journal of Public Health, 54( 7), 427-433.

URL    PMID:17763707     [本文引用: 1]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify significant factors for loneliness in older adults The subjects (N = 195) were members of the Newar caste/ethnicity, aged 60 years and above (mean(+/- SD) 68.81 (+/- 7.69) years and 52% male) and living in Katmandu City. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a three-item loneliness scale, developed based on the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale and prepared with a translation and back translation technique from English into Nepalese. The data were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. More than two-thirds of Newar elderly experience some type of loneliness. A statistically significant correlation was found between feelings of loneliness and age, sex, household status, total family size, network size, social participation, self-reported health, chronic health problems, working status, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and perceived economic satisfaction. Results of logistic regression analyses showed age, network size, and perceived economic satisfaction to be significant factors for loneliness. Loneliness is an important public health issue, predicting low quality of life among older adults. The present results indicate many elderly Nepalese experience some form of loneliness, with age, network size and perceived economic satisfaction as significant factors. However, this result may not be generalized to the greater population of Nepalese older adults and the external validity of the UCLA Loneliness Scale is an important criterion to examine in future research.

[5]

Chen H.B., &Miao Y.J . ( 2012).

The relationship among subjective well-being, psychological well-being and social well-being

Psychological Research, 5, 46-52.

[本文引用: 1]

[

陳浩彬, 苗元江 . ( 2012).

主觀幸福感、心理幸福感與社會幸福感的關(guān)系研究

心理研究,5, 46-52.]

[本文引用: 1]

[6]

Chen K., &Zhang Y.Y . ( 2013).

Study of mediating effect of loneliness on social support and subjective well-being of college students

Journal of Chongqing University (Social Science Edition), 19, 172-176.

[本文引用: 1]

[

陳抗, 張英彥 . ( 2013).

大學(xué)生孤獨感對社會支持與主觀幸福感的中介效應(yīng)研究

重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版), 19, 172-176.]

[本文引用: 1]

[7]

Crane M.F .( 2014).

The differential impact of agency and pathway thinking on goal pursuit and university exam performance

Personality and Individual Differences. 58, 20-25.

DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.026    URL     [本文引用: 1]

[8]

Demirli A., Türkmen M., & Ar?k R. S . ( 2015).

Investigation of dispositional and state hope levels’ relations with student subjective well-being

Social Indicators Research, 120( 2), 601-613.

DOI:10.1007/s11205-014-0607-9    URL     [本文引用: 1]

[9]

Doolittle B.R., & Farrell M . ( 2004).

The association between spirituality and depression in an urban clinic

Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatr, 6( 3), 114-118.

DOI:10.4088/PCC.v06n0302    URL    PMID:15361925     [本文引用: 1]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between spiritual beliefs and depression in an urban population. METHOD: A convenience sample of adult patients of an urban primary care clinic completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Zung Depression Scale and the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS). RESULTS: Among 122 respondents, 99 (81%) reported that they consider themselves religious. Responses from the Zung Depression Scale found that 76 (62%) of the patients were depressed and 46 (38%) were not. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the Zung Depression Scale and the SIBS was -0.36 (p <.0001). Backward stepwise regression analysis revealed that SIBS score and physical health predicted the Zung Depression Scale score. Age, gender, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and income showed no significant association with depression. Analysis of individual SIBS items revealed that high spirituality scores on items in the domain of intrinsic beliefs, such as belief in a higher power (p <.01), the importance of prayer (p <.0001), and finding meaning in times of hardship (p <.05), were associated negatively with depression. Attendance of religious services had no significant association with depression. CONCLUSION: Appropriate encouragement of a patient's spiritual beliefs may be a helpful adjunct to treating depression.

[10]

Dreyer J., & Schwartz-Attias I .( 2014).

Nursing care for adolescents and young adults with cancer: literature review

Acta Haematol, 132, 363-374.

DOI:10.1159/000360213    URL    PMID:25228562     [本文引用: 1]

Abstract Cancer patients belonging to the adolescent and young adult (AYA) age group have unique and very specific needs, which require special attention from the caring staff. The difficulty in maintaining the personal and professional development at this age is both natural and normal. Adding to this, coping with a life-threatening disease turns this stage in life into a period with many dilemmas and challenges of quite a complex nature. AYA patients have to deal with issues above and beyond the disease itself, which create a very complex coping picture. On top of that, prognosis for this age group has not improved in recent years, unlike the situation in other age groups like children and adults. The literature on this subject is extensive and comprehensive. However, most of the papers on this subject are very specific and narrow in their approach, each dealing with a specific topic. In this article, we bring together many different papers which make a wide and comprehensive picture of the subject of AYAs coping with cancer, coupled with recommendations for the caring staff. In this review we focus on the various aspects of the disease and treatments in AYAs, based on the conceptual model of quality of life proposed by Ferrell and colleagues [Cancer Nurs 1992;15:153-160; Cancer Nurs 1992;15:247-253], including physical, social, emotional and spiritual aspects. From the psychological standpoint, most of the papers discuss the negative aspects; however, in this article we try to include some articles from the positive psychology school of thought. From our findings it is apparent that there is an opportunity and need to further explore research in this regard. It is apparent that taking a unique approach to AYA cancer patients is needed in order to deal with the unique needs of this age group. This article aims at putting a framework around this issue, with actionable recommendations for the caring staff. 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

[11]

Fang J., Zhang M.Q., & Qiu H.Z . ( 2012).

Testing method and effect measure of intermediary effect: Retrospect and prospect

Psychological Development and Education. 28( 1), 105-111.

[本文引用: 1]

[

方杰, 張敏強, 邱皓政 . ( 2012).

中介效應(yīng)的檢驗方法和效果量測量:回顧與展望

心理發(fā)展與教育, 28( 1), 105-111.]

[本文引用: 1]

[12]

Farhadi M., Reisi-Dehkordi N., Kalantari M., & Zargham-Boroujeni A .( 2014).

Efficacy of group meaning centered hope therapy of cancer patients and their families on patients’ quality of life

Iranian Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Research, 19( 3), 290-294.

[本文引用: 1]

[13]

Keyes C. L.M . ( 1998).

Social well-being

Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121-140.

[本文引用: 1]

[14]

Kong F., Wang T. Z., Li C. N., He J., Wang J., & You X.Q . ( 2012).

The Mechanism of the influence of social support, loneliness, and self-esteem on subjective well-being

Journal of Psychological Science, 35( 2), 408-411.

[本文引用: 1]

[

孔風(fēng), 王庭照, 李彩娜, 和娟, 王瑾, 游旭群 . ( 2012).

大學(xué)生社會支持、孤獨及自尊對主觀幸福感的作用機制研究

心理科學(xué), 35( 2), 408-411.]

[本文引用: 1]

[15]

Kuhirunyaratn P., Pongpanich S., Somrongthong R., Love E.J., & Chapman R.S .( 2007).

Social support among elderly in Khon Kean Province, Thailand. Southeast Asian

Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health,38( 5), 936-946.

URL    PMID:18041315     [本文引用: 1]

The purpose of this research was to assess perceived social support and its factors among the elderly. The study group included 734 elders who were aged 60 years old or more, and living in eight villages in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the information, and perceived social support was measured by PRQ85. This study found a high level of social support was perceived among the elderly. According to the PRQ85, the highest dimension of social support was the availability of information, emotional, and material support; while the lowest dimension was being an integral part of a group. Results from multiple regressions indicate that education level, number of close friend, knowing community health staff, working status, elderly club member, and religious activities were statistically significantly related to perceived social support. In conclusion, the elderly had a high level of social support. Close friends and community health staff are important sources of support among the elderly.

[16]

Lin C.C., &Yeh Y.C . ( 2014).

How gratitude influences wellbeing: A structural equation modeling approach

Social Indicators Research, 118, 205-217.

DOI:10.1007/s11205-013-0424-6    URL     [本文引用: 1]

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among gratitude, social support, coping style, and well-being. In total, 750 undergraduate participants completed four inventories measuring the variables of interest. Analyses of structural equation modeling found that gratitude had direct effects on undergraduates’ active coping styles, social support, and well-being. In addition, gratitude had indirect effects on undergraduates’ well-being via an active coping style and social support, and social support had direct effects on undergraduates’ active coping styles. These results support the proposed model of well-being and contribute to the understanding of how gratitude influences undergraduates’ well-being via interpersonal and cognitive variables.

[17]

Liu X., Huang X.T .( 2010).

Social support and its mechanism for mental health

Psychological Research,3( 1), 3-8.

[本文引用: 1]

[

劉曉, 黃希庭 . ( 2010).

社會支持及其對心理健康的作用機制

心理研究, 3( 1), 3-8. ]

URL     [本文引用: 1]

社會支持是個體從其所擁有的社會關(guān)系中獲得的精神上和物質(zhì)上的支持,它調(diào)節(jié)著壓力和身心健康之間的關(guān)系.良好的社會支持有助于個體身心健康的發(fā)展,反之則會損害個體的身心健康.社會支持的不同成分對個體身心健康的作用不同,同時還會受到依戀風(fēng)格、人格、情境和文化等因素的影響.社會支持對心理健康的作用機制主要有主效應(yīng)模型、緩沖機制模型和動態(tài)效應(yīng)模型.

[18]

Luo B.J., Qin H.Y., &Zheng M.C .( 2014).

Correlation between social relational quality and hope among patients with permanent colostomies

International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1( 4), 405-409.

[本文引用: 1]

[19]

Miao Y.J., &Wang Q.H, .( 2009).

An empirical study on social well-being

Journal of Gannan Normal University. 30( 4), 76-81.

[本文引用: 1]

[

苗元江, 王青華 . ( 2009).

大學(xué)生社會幸福感調(diào)查研究

贛南師范學(xué)院學(xué)報, 30( 4), 76-81.]

[本文引用: 1]

[20]

Murphy F .( 2006).

Loneliness: A challenge for nurses caring for older people

Nursing Older People, 18( 5), 22-25.

[本文引用: 1]

[21]

Muyan M., Chang E.C., Jilani Z., Yu T., Lin J., & Hirsch J.K . ( 2016).

Loneliness and negative affective conditions in adults: Is there any room for hope in predicting anxiety and depressive symptoms?

Journal of Psychology, 150( 3), 333-341.

[本文引用: 1]

[22]

Pacico J. C., Bastianello M. R., Zanon C., & Hutz C. S . ( 2013).

Adaptation and validation of the dispositional hope scale for adolescents

Psicologia: Reflex?o e Crítica, 26( 3), 488-492.

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

Park H., Heppner P. P., & Lee D . ( 2010).

Maladaptive coping and self-esteem as mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress

Personality and Individual Differences, 48( 4), 469-474.

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

Rand K.L., Cripe L.D., Monahan P.O., Tong Y., Schmidt K., & Rawl S.M .( 2012).

Illness appraisal, religious coping, and psychological responses in men with advanced cancer

Support Care in Cancer, 20( 8), 1719-1728.

[本文引用: 1]

[25]

Ren J . ( 2006).

Positive psychology

Shanghai, China:

Shanghai Educational Publishing House.

[本文引用: 1]

[

任俊 . ( 2006).

積極心理學(xué)

上海:

上海教育出版社.]

[本文引用: 1]

[26]

Rock E.E, Steiner J.L, Rand K.L, &Bigatti S.M . ( 2014).

Dyadic influence of hope and optimism on patient marital satisfaction among couples with advanced breast cancer

Support Care in Cancer, 22( 9), 2351-2359.

[本文引用: 1]

[27]

Roesch S. C., Duangado K. M., Vaughn A. A., Aldridge A. A., & Villodas F . ( 2010).

Dispositional hope and the propensity to cope: A daily diary assessment of minority adolescents

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16( 2), 191-198.

[本文引用: 1]

[28]

Rueger S.Y., Malecki C.K., Pyun Y., Aycock C., & Coyle S . ( 2016).

A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence

Psychological Bulletin, 142( 10), 1017-1067.

[本文引用: 2]

[29]

Salehi A., Marzban M., Sourosh M., Sharif F., Nejabat M., & Hadi Imanieh M . ( 2017).

Social well-being and related factors in students of school of nursing and midwifery

International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery, 5( 1), 82-90.

[本文引用: 1]

[30]

Scioli A., Ricci M., Nyugen T., & Scioli E. R . ( 2011).

Hope: Its nature and measurement

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3( 2), 78-97.

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

Sharabi A., Levi U., & Margalit M . ( 2012).

Children's loneliness, sense of coherence, family climate, and hope: Developmental risk and protective factors

The Journal of Psychology, 146( 1-2), 61-83.

[本文引用: 1]

[32]

Snyder C.R .( 2002).

Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind

Psychological Inquiry, 13( 4), 249-275.

[本文引用: 1]

[33]

Wei Y., Liu X. D., & Zhang Y. P . ( 2010).

Impact of social support on loneliness of rural female elderly

Population Journal, 4, 41-47.

[本文引用: 2]

[

韋艷, 劉旭東, 張艷平 . ( 2010).

社會支持對農(nóng)村老年女性孤獨感的影響研究

人口學(xué)刊, 4, 41-47.]

[本文引用: 2]

[34]

Weiss R. S. .( 1973).

Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation

Cambridge, MA, US:

The MIT Press.

[本文引用: 1]

[35]

Wu J. .( 2008).

Relationship among social support, loneliness and subjective well-being of the elderly

Psychological Science,31( 4), 984-986.

[本文引用: 2]

[

吳捷 . ( 2008).

老年人社會支持, 孤獨感與主觀幸福感的關(guān)系

心理科學(xué), 31( 4), 984-986.]

[本文引用: 2]

[36]

Xiao S.Y . ( 1994).

The theoretical foundation and application of social support rating scale

Journal of Clinical Psychological Medicine, 4( 2), 98-100.

[本文引用: 2]

[

肖水源 . ( 1994).

《社會支持評定量表》的理論基礎(chǔ)與研究應(yīng)用

臨床精神醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 4( 2), 98-100.]

[本文引用: 2]

[37]

Zhong J.T . ( 2012).

The relationship between social support hope in senior high school students

Journal of Primary and Secondary Education, 9, 16-19.

[本文引用: 1]

[

鐘劍濤 . ( 2012).

高中生社會支持與希望特質(zhì)的關(guān)系

中小學(xué)心理健康教育, 9( 9), 16-19.]

[本文引用: 1]

[38]

Zhou H, &Long L.R . ( 2004).

Statistical remedies for common method biases

Advances in Psychological Science, 12( 6), 942-950.

[本文引用: 2]

[

周浩, 龍立榮 . ( 2004).

共同方法偏差的統(tǒng)計檢驗與控制方法

心理科學(xué)進展, 12( 6), 942-950.]

[本文引用: 2]

[39]

Zhou S.X . ( 2013).

The relation between social support and authentic well-being: Hope as a mediator

Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21( 3), 515-517.

[本文引用: 1]

[

周蜀溪 . ( 2013).

社會支持與真實幸福感的關(guān)系: 希望的中介作用

中國臨床心理學(xué)雜志, 21( 3), 515-517.]

[本文引用: 1]

相關(guān)知識

人際交往訓(xùn)練對大學(xué)生感悟社會支持和主觀幸福感的影響.pptx
社區(qū)參與促進老年人幸福感提升
心有所依：社區(qū)心理支持服務(wù)帶給老年人的關(guān)懷
孤獨癥兒童社會交往訓(xùn)練概述
孤獨癥兒童社會交往訓(xùn)練
夯實社區(qū)對養(yǎng)老服務(wù)的支持作用
關(guān)注老人心理健康，構(gòu)建和諧社會
社區(qū)養(yǎng)老，讓老人樂享幸福生活
妊娠期壓力和產(chǎn)前抑郁的關(guān)系:主觀幸福感的中介作用
運動對社區(qū)老年人心理健康的影響

網(wǎng)址: 社會支持對老年人社會幸福感的影響機制：希望與孤獨感的中介作用 http://m.u1s5d6.cn/newsview542177.html