摘要:

生物肥料與有機(jī)肥料是環(huán)境友好的綠色肥料，在培肥耕地、改良土壤、提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)中發(fā)揮重要作用，是支撐農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展、保障國家糧食安全的重要投入品。自20世紀(jì)中葉，我國化肥工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展為促進(jìn)糧食持續(xù)增產(chǎn)提供了充足的無機(jī)養(yǎng)分；到20世紀(jì)90年代，我國肥料投入中化肥占比達(dá)到最高，有機(jī)肥料等的施用相應(yīng)降至最低。對化肥的依賴導(dǎo)致了耕地質(zhì)量退化、農(nóng)田環(huán)境污染、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量下降等一系列問題，嚴(yán)重影響了我國耕地的可持續(xù)利用和農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，因此我國加大了對生物肥料與有機(jī)肥料的研究。三十年來，我國生物肥料與有機(jī)肥料在基礎(chǔ)研究、應(yīng)用研究和產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面都取得了日新月異的進(jìn)展。我國的生物肥料研究從最初的根瘤菌等固氮功能逐步擴(kuò)展到溶磷解鉀等活化養(yǎng)分功能，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展到消減土壤障礙與增強(qiáng)作物抗逆等非養(yǎng)分功能；從單一菌種發(fā)展到多菌種及合成菌群，產(chǎn)品類型從單純的菌劑發(fā)展到生物有機(jī)肥和復(fù)合微生物肥料，產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模和技術(shù)水平顯著提升。有機(jī)肥料研究從關(guān)注堆肥過程中的有機(jī)養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)化到提高堆肥效率的技術(shù)工藝和有害因子的消除與阻控等。近年來，在“雙碳”戰(zhàn)略背景下，清潔低碳堆肥以及通過施用有機(jī)肥快速提升土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、增加土壤固碳成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文對過去三十年我國生物肥料與有機(jī)肥料研究重點(diǎn)、代表性成績、產(chǎn)業(yè)化路徑等進(jìn)行了全面回顧和總結(jié)，新形勢下國家農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展重大戰(zhàn)略需求以及科技的突破仍將支撐生物肥料和有機(jī)肥的快速發(fā)展，由此提出了未來的一些研究重點(diǎn)。

Abstract:

Biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are attributed to environmental-friendly green fertilizers because of their beneficial roles in improving farmland fertility and agricultural product quality, therefore, the application of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are the key measurements for the green development of agriculture and the food security. The fast development of chemical fertilizer industry since the middle of last century provides substantial and cheap inorganic fertilizers for the sustained yield increasing. The proportion of chemical fertilizer in China’s total nutrient input reached the peak, and the application of organic fertilizer went to the lowest in 1990s. The heavily relay on chemical fertilizer has caused a series of shortcomings, like the deterioration of farmland quality, the contamination of farmland and environment, and the decline of agricultural product quality, threatens the sustainable use of farmland and development of agriculture seriously. Thereby, Chinese government strengthens the research and policy support to biofertilizer and organic fertilizer, and great progresses have been made in the basic and applied research and industrialization of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer during the past thirty years. The biofertilizer function research in China has expanded from increasing nitrogen-fixation efficiency to phosphorus and potassium solubilization, and further developed to soil barrier reduction and crop stress resistance enhancement; biofertilizer products containing single strain have been replaced by those containing multi-strains and synthetic flora. And the product types have developed from simple bacteriotics to biofertilizers and composite microbial fertilizers. The industrial scale and technological level of biofertilizer production have been improved significantly. Organic fertilizer researches not only focus on the conversion of organic nutrients during composting process but also on the technologies improving the composting efficiency and the elimination and control of harmful factors. Under the background of “two-carbon” strategy in recent years, new hotspots have turned out on researching and application of clean and low-carbon organic fertilizers are required to rapidly improve soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration capacity. We reviewed the related research emphasis, representative achievements and the industrialization paths of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer in China for the past 30 years. The requirement of national strategy and the scientific breakthroughs will continue to support the development of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer under the new situation, and some research emphases are thus proposed in near future.

圖  1   我國70年來化肥和有機(jī)肥養(yǎng)分投入比例變化

Figure  1.   The nutrient ratio from chemical and organic fertilizers in the past 70 years in China

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