1 引言

郊區(qū)化和郊區(qū)空間是城市研究長期關(guān)注的重要議題。20世紀(jì)西方郊區(qū)化在居住、工業(yè)、商業(yè)和辦公等多次郊區(qū)化浪潮的推動中,大城市郊區(qū)已由原來單一的居住職能擴(kuò)張成為大都市區(qū)的一個次級中心(Cervero, 1989; Zhou et al, 2000)。而不同于其城市擴(kuò)張的動力和模式,中國隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型及土地市場化改革,城市空間的組織方式也由計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)下政府主導(dǎo)的單位制向市場經(jīng)濟(jì)主導(dǎo)下的郊區(qū)化轉(zhuǎn)型(Feng et al, 2008; 柴彥威等, 2010)。住房市場化成為中國郊區(qū)化的重要推手,市場引導(dǎo)下的快速城市空間擴(kuò)張導(dǎo)致了城市公共性的缺失,大量居住人口集聚郊區(qū),引發(fā)了交通擁堵、職住錯位、環(huán)境污染、設(shè)施不足等諸多城市病。因此眾多學(xué)者開始從微觀個體的角度對郊區(qū)空間進(jìn)行實證研究,關(guān)注中國復(fù)雜的郊區(qū)發(fā)展模式下,居民的日常通勤、休閑、購物等出行行為,探討居住空間變遷下活動方式、活動空間以及社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)在郊區(qū)地帶的重構(gòu)(馮健等, 2013, 2017; 張艷等, 2013; 塔娜等, 2015)。研究表明,土地利用功能單一、規(guī)劃尺度失控、生活空間與生產(chǎn)空間錯位、居民通勤時間過長等現(xiàn)實問題深刻地困擾居民的活動行為,公共服務(wù)設(shè)施建設(shè)也難以在短期內(nèi)滿足大型社區(qū)多元化的生活需求(Wang et al, 2011; 柴彥威等, 2011; 吳江潔等, 2016)。

盡管上述研究從地理學(xué)及社會學(xué)的角度對中國特定背景下郊區(qū)居民的時空行為進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述,從活動視角揭示了郊區(qū)化的社會過程及效應(yīng),但是由此所造成的郊區(qū)居民心理健康(健康地理的角度)的狀況卻長期缺乏關(guān)注。事實上,國外不同學(xué)科已經(jīng)開始了對居民健康方面的研究。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一方面,長時間的日常通勤活動會與日常休閑或社會交往活動產(chǎn)生沖突,個人可支配的閑暇時間減少,鄰里關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn),從而降低了個人的幸福感,對個人身心健康造成負(fù)面效應(yīng)(H?mmig et al, 2009; Hansson et al, 2011);另一方面,每天暴露于嘈雜、擁堵的通勤環(huán)境也會增加通勤者的心理壓力。這些問題會造成郊區(qū)居民心理健康狀況惡化,通常表現(xiàn)為精神衰弱、抑郁、焦慮等癥狀(Gottholmseder et al, 2009)。中國的郊區(qū)化進(jìn)程在過去10多年間發(fā)展迅速,然而尚未從城市地理視角下,對郊區(qū)化給居民健康帶來的影響進(jìn)行深入研究。因此有必要將郊區(qū)居民個體健康研究置于中國復(fù)雜的郊區(qū)化背景下,深入探討其影響因素和機(jī)制,從而為創(chuàng)造平等的公共活動空間,滿足郊區(qū)居民健身活動需求,提高其生活質(zhì)量、改善其心理健康狀況提供理論依據(jù)。

對于個體的心理健康狀況,主流的研究仍集中于醫(yī)學(xué)和心理學(xué)等領(lǐng)域。西方運動醫(yī)學(xué)對體育活動和心理健康的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為體育鍛煉能作為藥物治療和心理治療外的第三種干預(yù)手段,有氧鍛煉或無氧鍛煉都可預(yù)防或降低抑郁、焦慮等心理癥狀(Brown et al, 2013; Jayakody et al, 2014)。不僅如此,體育鍛煉還能改變個人的身體條件,強(qiáng)健的體魄和優(yōu)美的線型重塑了自身的魅力,從心理上增強(qiáng)自信和自我效能(Elavsky, 2010)。心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)則認(rèn)為,與鄰里或親朋好友共同參與健身活動有助于個體建立良好的社會支持網(wǎng)絡(luò),促進(jìn)鄰里融合,增加居民社區(qū)歸屬感。這對于緩和工作和生活中積累的緊張情緒和壓力有積極意義(Zhang et al, 2009; Chen et al, 2015)。此外,城市建成環(huán)境也是影響居民心理健康的潛在因素。研究表明,建成環(huán)境能通過影響居民個人行為以及壓力釋放等方式影響健康(Araya et al, 2007; Giles-Corti et al, 2016);擁擠的居住條件,較差的空氣質(zhì)量會導(dǎo)致心理失常(Evans et al, 2003);便捷的醫(yī)療設(shè)施供給能使居民更易獲取健康服務(wù)(Chen et al, 2015);而密度高、可達(dá)性強(qiáng)的城市綠色公共空間和健身空間則有助于促進(jìn)居民的健身活動和社交活動,從而改善心理健康狀況(Mass et al, 2006; Melis et al, 2015)。但這些建成環(huán)境因素是否存在城、郊差異,如何影響郊區(qū)個體的健康行為則仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

綜上所述,由于通勤、健身、環(huán)境等因素對個體健康影響的研究大多集中于心理學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域,研究對象大多基于個體的性別、年齡、收入等經(jīng)濟(jì)社會方面的維度進(jìn)行對比,而普遍缺乏地理空間維度上的分析,對城區(qū)或郊區(qū)等不同城市空間的影響考慮不足,忽視了城區(qū)和郊區(qū)居民健身活動的時空約束差異以及由此對個體健康行為造成的影響。在時間地理學(xué)的研究中,時空約束直接影響個體活動的空間范圍及時空可達(dá)性(Yu et al, 2006)。例如,在特定的空間區(qū)位,可選擇的交通方式,以及可支配時間等條件約束下所能獲取的服務(wù)或機(jī)會(Ettema et al, 2007)。然而,由于城區(qū)和郊區(qū)居民的出行時空特征存在明顯的差異,郊區(qū)建成環(huán)境中的各種潛在因素是否會對郊區(qū)個體獲取健身活動機(jī)會造成時空上的限制,這種活動空間約束又是否會影響其心理健康狀況,而在中國快速郊區(qū)化的背景下,城、郊居民心理健康方面的結(jié)構(gòu)差異又反映出怎樣的隱性不平等現(xiàn)象,這些問題有待進(jìn)行深入探究。

基于此,本文以廣州郊區(qū)的南村鎮(zhèn)華南新城為研究對象,通過與廣州城區(qū)內(nèi)的其他社區(qū)的對比分析,重點討論城市郊區(qū)化背景下,郊區(qū)居民健身活動所受到的時空約束對心理健康狀況的影響。國內(nèi)外不同學(xué)科相關(guān)研究的成果認(rèn)為,影響居民心理健康的影響因素可分為個人社會經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性、日常健康行為、社區(qū)鄰里融入、以及建成環(huán)境這幾大類,而健康行為中的散步、健身活動等行為又會受日常時空約束及建成環(huán)境影響。本文在此基礎(chǔ)上提出如下理論假設(shè)：居民的個人社會經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性、日常健康行為、社區(qū)鄰里融入會影響居民的心理健康,而郊區(qū)的通勤距離,健身活動場所密度、公共交通密度等建成環(huán)境因素,則通過影響健身活動機(jī)會和活動時間安排彈性,間接影響個體的心理健康。

2 研究數(shù)據(jù)與方法

2.1 研究數(shù)據(jù)與區(qū)域

數(shù)據(jù)來源于2016年1月進(jìn)行的“廣州市居民居住就業(yè)變遷與醫(yī)療健康情況”問卷調(diào)查。本文重點探討的郊區(qū)案例地廣州南村鎮(zhèn)街華南新城,位于廣州環(huán)城高速以外,是在住房市場化改革、廣州行政區(qū)劃調(diào)整以及城市發(fā)展空間南拓等眾多動因下,由開發(fā)商主導(dǎo)建設(shè)的典型大型商品房社區(qū),位于典型的大型郊區(qū)化地帶。該地帶眾多大型樓盤的建設(shè)缺乏統(tǒng)一的城市規(guī)劃指引,交通、醫(yī)療、基礎(chǔ)教育等設(shè)施是由地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商提供的。過度市場化導(dǎo)致了城市公共性缺失,服務(wù)設(shè)施供給不足,交通擁堵等眾多問題(袁奇峰等, 2011; 陳梓烽等, 2015)。

另外選擇位于城區(qū)的10個街道中的社區(qū)作為對照組進(jìn)行對比研究,它們位于廣州城區(qū)的不同區(qū)位,涵蓋了廣州內(nèi)環(huán)路以內(nèi)的天河區(qū)、越秀區(qū)、海珠區(qū)、荔灣區(qū)等中心城區(qū),以及內(nèi)環(huán)路與環(huán)城高速之間的過渡區(qū)域(圖1)。調(diào)研社區(qū)的選取充分考慮了典型性和代表性,對廣州各街道單位進(jìn)行住房類型劃分,分別代表歷史街區(qū)、單位社區(qū)、商品房社區(qū)、保障房社區(qū)和城中村等5類社區(qū),最終挑選出特征值最突出的10個街道中的社區(qū)作為對照研究的樣本社區(qū)。

圖1   廣州調(diào)研街道空間分布圖

Fig. 1   Spatial distribution of the research communities in Guangzhou

居民活動及心理健康數(shù)據(jù)通過問卷調(diào)查獲取,受訪者均為年滿18歲的居民。郊區(qū)調(diào)查發(fā)放并回收有效問卷102份,其中男性52人,女性50人。作為對照組的城區(qū)10個社區(qū)發(fā)放并回收有效問卷927份,其中男性464人,女性463人。所有參與調(diào)查者除填寫個人和家庭基本信息外,還詳細(xì)記錄了居住與就業(yè)變遷、個人健身與生活習(xí)慣、社區(qū)環(huán)境、醫(yī)療健康等方面的信息。所有受訪者均已閱讀問卷首頁上的《調(diào)查研究知情同意書》并同意確認(rèn)簽字。問卷信度系數(shù)α為0.75,能夠支撐本文的研究。

其中,居民自評心理健康數(shù)據(jù)通過世界衛(wèi)生組織身心健康指標(biāo)(WHO-5)國際通用量表中的5個問題進(jìn)行測量(World Health Organization, 1998)。該量表由5個方面的指標(biāo)組成,包括在過去2周內(nèi)關(guān)于身心情緒的體驗,快樂和心情舒暢、寧靜和放松、充滿活力和精力充沛、得到了充足休息以及生活充滿樂有趣的事情等,每個方面的指標(biāo)有0~5分共6個選項。將這5個方面指標(biāo)的得分匯總得到反映心理健康狀況的綜合指標(biāo),該指標(biāo)得分范圍為0~25分,0代表最糟糕的心理狀況,25則代表最好的心理狀態(tài)。該量表在國外不同國家和群體的眾多心理健康研究中都證明了較高的信度和效度(Primack, 2003; Topp el al, 2015),其中文版本在中國公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的實際研究應(yīng)用中也有很強(qiáng)的一致性(歐愛華,2009)。

2.2 研究方法

根據(jù)調(diào)研問卷數(shù)據(jù),分別對表征居民時空活動約束的散步或體力健身活動的時長、頻率、通勤距離等維度進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計,分析郊區(qū)和城區(qū)居民的日常鍛煉活動特征的時間差異。并綜合ArcGIS軟件的空間分析,描述城、郊居民健身地點選擇與居住地的空間關(guān)系特征,刻畫影響健康行為的空間約束。

為進(jìn)一步探討影響郊區(qū)居民心理健康的影響因素,運用SPSS 19.0軟件統(tǒng)計分析城、郊不同空間區(qū)位居民的心理健康狀況差異,并通過構(gòu)建多元線性回歸模型,以居民的個人經(jīng)濟(jì)社會屬性、社區(qū)融入等因素作為控制變量,重點討論居民的健身活動時空約束、居住地和就業(yè)地的建成環(huán)境等因素如何影響郊區(qū)居民的健康行為時空活動特征,深入對比解釋廣州健身活動等變量如何影響郊區(qū)居民的健康行為,并最終影響到心理健康。

模型分析以城區(qū)居民的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對比,充分考慮城區(qū)與郊區(qū)個體在社會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況及建成環(huán)境間的差異,對活動空間約束影響的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行分析。模型結(jié)果有助于揭示中國快速郊區(qū)化背景下居民心理狀況差異背后的空間隱喻,為滿足郊區(qū)居民日常身心健康活動需求,創(chuàng)造平等的公共活動空間提供理論依據(jù)。

3 城市郊區(qū)居民心理健康狀況和居民健身活動特征

3.1 郊區(qū)居民心理健康狀況

通過對比廣州城市內(nèi)不同社區(qū)的居民心理健康水平(表1),發(fā)現(xiàn)郊區(qū)居民的心理健康水平與城區(qū)居民存在較為明顯的差異。郊區(qū)居民的平均心理健康得分明顯偏低,平均分僅為8.411分,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于城區(qū)居民的心理健康平均得分12.788分,比得分最高（達(dá)到14.389分,居住在高教育和舊單位社區(qū)）的社區(qū)居民,更是平均低將近6分。

表1   廣州市郊區(qū)與城區(qū)居民心理健康得分差異

Tab.1   Mental health score differences between suburban and inner city residents, Guangzhou

社會區(qū)調(diào)研街道樣本量心理健康平均得分郊區(qū)社區(qū)華南新城1028.441城區(qū)社區(qū)高教育和舊單位社區(qū)新港、天河南、
建設(shè)、員村32914.389舊城和舊機(jī)關(guān)社區(qū)龍津
六榕16612.621商業(yè)社區(qū)瑞寶、棠下、石牌、同德43211.632城區(qū)總計92712.788

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3.2 郊區(qū)居民健身活動時間約束

散步或健身等鍛煉活動的頻率和時長是衡量居民是否受到時間約束的主要指標(biāo),同時也是個體健康行為的重要特征。從問卷數(shù)據(jù)對居民的健身活動時間特征進(jìn)行分析(表2),郊區(qū)居民整體散步健身的頻率較低,時長較短。在散步活動方面,郊區(qū)和城區(qū)居民的平均時長差異不大,但郊區(qū)居民的散步頻率僅為1.75次/周,低于城區(qū)居民1.93次/周。再從健身活動方面來看,郊區(qū)居民的健身頻率普遍低于城區(qū)居民,高頻健身(每周健身3次以上)的居民比例不足20%,與城區(qū)居民接近30%的比例相比,差異顯著;每周健身時長為3.66小時,低于城區(qū)居民的4.04小時。

表2   廣州市郊區(qū)與城區(qū)居民健身活動時間特征對比

Tab.2   Comparison of temporal characteristics of fitness activities between suburban residents and inner city residents, Guangzhou

空間區(qū)位散步頻率/(次/周)平均散步
時長/min高頻健身者比例/%平均每周健身時長/h平均通勤距離/km郊區(qū)1.7526.7619.63.6611.95城區(qū)1.9325.6428.94.045.59

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個體居民進(jìn)行散步、健身等日常健康行為活動的安排主要依賴于閑暇時間。對于絕大部分居民個體而言,工作、通勤等跟職業(yè)直接相關(guān)的生存性需求活動占據(jù)了大部分的時間,其次是以滿足家庭需求的維護(hù)性和責(zé)任性家庭活動。在滿足上述2類必要活動時間以外,才能較為自如地安排日常鍛煉活動。而現(xiàn)實中,郊區(qū)居民平均通勤距離超過10 km,約為城區(qū)居民通勤距離的2倍,相應(yīng)消耗在路上的通勤時間更長,工作及家庭生活之余的閑暇時間則會相應(yīng)壓縮,用于個人體育鍛煉或外出進(jìn)行戶外交往方面的自由支配時間只能被迫削減,客觀或主觀上造成活動時間較短,健身頻率不足,更有可能導(dǎo)致對健康行為活動的排斥。

3.3 郊區(qū)居民健身活動空間約束

圖2a和圖2b分別為郊區(qū)和城區(qū)居民住宅到最常健身地點的空間連線,較好地反映了廣州郊區(qū)居民健身活動的空間約束現(xiàn)狀：絕大部分郊區(qū)居民的健身活動地點分布在居住社區(qū)及周邊,而城區(qū)居民的健身地點則有更大的彈性,并不局限于居住地,不少居民能根據(jù)活動偏好或日?；顒渔湹陌才抛灾鬟x擇健身場所的空間區(qū)位,受活動空間的約束明顯更少。

圖2   廣州市郊區(qū)與城區(qū)居民住宅—健身地空間分布

Fig.2   Spatial distribution of home-fitness places for suburban and inner city residents, Guangzhou

個體外出進(jìn)行健康行為活動隨人群偏好存在顯著差異,偏好散步或體力健身活動的人群也存在較大的不同。但總體而言,散步活動對公共空間或服務(wù)設(shè)施的要求較低,除在城市廣場、綠地等公共空間進(jìn)行散步外,居民還可在街道、小區(qū)的附屬綠地、商業(yè)空間等地進(jìn)行,活動空間約束更少,對郊區(qū)居民影響并非十分顯著。但對健身活動而言,則需要特定的場館、儀器等設(shè)施或者廣場、綠道、公園等大面積的城市公共空間,因此要滿足這類健身活動,對城市的公共服務(wù)設(shè)施建設(shè)的要求會更高。由于郊區(qū)地帶活動服務(wù)設(shè)施不足或可達(dá)性較低,導(dǎo)致郊區(qū)居民健身活動地點較為單一,明顯受限于社區(qū)內(nèi)部或住區(qū)周邊的公共活動空間。

4 健身活動對城市郊區(qū)居民心理健康影響

通過對健身活動時空特征的描述分析,與城區(qū)居民相比,郊區(qū)居民健康行為活動的時間和空間所受到的約束更為明顯,不僅表現(xiàn)為時長更短,頻率更低,還表現(xiàn)在活動地點較為受限。為深入理解郊區(qū)居民健身活動的時空約束對心理健康狀況所造成的影響,將通過建立多元線性回歸模型,進(jìn)一步探討在快速郊區(qū)化背景下,居民個體的心理健康與個人經(jīng)濟(jì)社會屬性、活動時空間約束、社區(qū)融入以及建成環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系。

4.1 模型變量選取

在回歸模型中,因變量為WHO-5個體心理健康總分,直接反映了居民的身心健康狀況。經(jīng)檢驗,調(diào)查樣本的得分分布偏度為0.40,峰度為-0.01,兩者均小于1且接近0,數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布,同時因變量屬于連續(xù)變量,因此可采用多元線性回歸模型進(jìn)行分析。

該模型中,個人社會屬性和社區(qū)鄰里融入作為控制變量,解釋變量則包括活動空間約束屬性以及所處社區(qū)的建成環(huán)境屬性這幾大類。具體選擇的自變量為：個人屬性包括性別、年齡、文化程度、婚姻狀況、就業(yè)狀況、是否擁有孩子,作為自變量;反映休閑健身活動的時空間約束的屬性則選取通勤距離、每周散步的頻率、平均每次散步的時長、每周體力健身活動的頻率、平均每次體力健身活動的時長以及健身活動滿意度作為自變量;社區(qū)融入則通過居住社區(qū)內(nèi)親友的數(shù)量,除親友外在社區(qū)內(nèi)見面打招呼的居民數(shù)量,以及通過鄰里關(guān)系綜合評分量表得出的鄰里關(guān)系總分作為鄰里融入的自變量;居住區(qū)建成環(huán)境則參照了美國學(xué)者(Cervero et al, 1997; Ewing et al, 2010)等提出的建成環(huán)境變量指標(biāo),并基于地理背景的不確定性因素考慮(Kwan, 2012),同時關(guān)注居住地和工作地2大核心錨點的建成環(huán)境,對周邊的建成環(huán)境進(jìn)行多維度量化評估。分別考慮所屬社區(qū)或工作地點所屬社區(qū)的密度、多樣性、公交便捷度等維度,對應(yīng)選取了5個方面的建成環(huán)境指標(biāo)：采用廣州市土地利用數(shù)據(jù)計算土地利用混合度;根據(jù)廣州市興趣點POI數(shù)據(jù)計算社區(qū)范圍內(nèi)活動健身設(shè)施密度,包括廣場、公園、綠地、體育場館、健身設(shè)施等服務(wù)設(shè)施類型點的密度;同理通過POI密度計算醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施密度;通過廣州市公交車及地鐵站點信息計算社區(qū)范圍內(nèi)公共交通站點密度(Weich et al, 2002; Galea et al, 2005; Chen et al, 2015; Melis et al, 2015)。城、郊居住區(qū)建成環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)總體對比如表3所示。從整體均值上看,郊區(qū)樣本社區(qū)在混合度和密度各項指標(biāo)均明顯低于城區(qū)樣本的總體均值,但是否與心理健康有直接關(guān)聯(lián)仍需進(jìn)一步驗證。

表3   廣州市郊區(qū)與城區(qū)居住區(qū)建成環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)均值對比

Tab.3   Comparison of the built environment between suburban and inner city communities, Guangzhou

空間區(qū)位用地混合度醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施密度/(個/km2)公共交通站點密度/(個/km2)健身活動設(shè)施密度/(個/km2)郊區(qū)樣本社區(qū)0.5200.940.942.43城區(qū)樣本社區(qū)0.64118.7922.1233.72

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4.2 模型結(jié)果及分析

模型1對郊區(qū)居民群體心理健康得分進(jìn)行多元線性回歸分析,解釋變量為健身活動的時空約束因素和就業(yè)地周邊建成環(huán)境因素,而個人經(jīng)濟(jì)社會屬性及社區(qū)融入狀況等因素則作為控制變量;模型2則是對城區(qū)居民群體心理健康的回歸分析,作為模型1的對照組進(jìn)行對比分析;而模型3則是全體樣本居住地建成環(huán)境對健康得分影響的回歸模型(表4)。

表4   廣州郊區(qū)與城區(qū)居民心理健康的多元線性回歸模型結(jié)果

Tab.4   Results of multiple linear regression model of mental health of Guangzhou residents

變量取值回歸系數(shù) B模型1(郊區(qū)樣本)模型2(城區(qū)樣本)模型3(全體樣本)性別1=男-0.604-0.127-0.229年齡1=19~30歲2.1201.2231.4332=31~45歲1.7440.4650.8533=46~55歲-0.975*-0.318**-0.056**文化程度1=初中及以下-3.241**-1.349***-1.811**2=高中、職高、大專-0.774-0.605*-0.605婚姻狀況1=未婚0.1300.8820.3412=已婚-0.014*-0.022**-0.017**有否孩子1=有-0.166-0.087-0.117職業(yè)狀況1=有受雇傭0.3460.8370.586社區(qū)融入社區(qū)內(nèi)親友數(shù)0.926-0.1140.279社區(qū)打招呼朋友數(shù)1.357***0.495***0.541***鄰里關(guān)系0.684**0.787**0.772**健身活動時空約束散步頻率-0.0920.0290.014平均散步時長0.0150.008*0.013*健身頻率0.873**0.376***0.632***平均健身時長0.303**0.276***0.232**通勤距離-0.433**-0.173*-0.395*就業(yè)地建成環(huán)境用地混合度0.021*0.001醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施密度0.065-0.011公交站點密度0.942-0.027健身活動設(shè)施密度0.5980.357*居住地建成環(huán)境用地混合度0.018**醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施密度0.032公交站點密度0.115*健身活動設(shè)施密度0.704**截距7.1129.9926.119

注：*、**、***分別為在0.1、0.05、0.01的顯著程度上通過檢驗。

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從模型的擬合信息看,模型1、模型2和模型3的R2分別為0.447、0.539和0.387,模型總體顯著性均為0.000,擬合程度均達(dá)到預(yù)期。結(jié)果顯示,在控制變量方面,城區(qū)和郊區(qū)居民的結(jié)果比較相似,個人基本經(jīng)濟(jì)社會屬性是居民健康狀況的主要影響因素。其中年齡、文化程度等因素對郊區(qū)居民的心理健康影響較為顯著,低收入階層及學(xué)歷為初中以下的群體,自我效能感和生活滿意度普遍更低,心理不健康的概率也更大;性別、是否有孩子、就業(yè)狀況等方面的因素在模型檢驗中并不顯著;在社區(qū)融入的指標(biāo)中,“社區(qū)內(nèi)打招呼的朋友數(shù)量”對居民心理健康有顯著的正向作用;同樣,鄰里關(guān)系的綜合評分也對居民心理健康有顯著積極的作用。

4.2.1 個體健身活動影響心理健康

在反映健身活動時空約束的指標(biāo)方面,健身活動的時長、頻率以及健身滿意度都對城區(qū)和郊區(qū)居民健康有顯著的正向作用。另外,通過偏相關(guān)分析進(jìn)行檢驗,即便在剔除通勤距離等因素對心理健康的直接影響后進(jìn)行偏相關(guān)檢驗,健身活動的時長和頻率仍與心理健康狀況在0.01的顯著水平下存在正相關(guān)性,這也與運動醫(yī)學(xué)的主流研究結(jié)論一致。一方面,體育鍛煉能磨練意志品質(zhì),培養(yǎng)忍耐力、自制力、自信心等心理品質(zhì),同時還能通過宣泄或代償遷移的方式緩解工作和生活中產(chǎn)生的情緒波動;另一方面,鍛煉活動有助于增強(qiáng)與親友的溝通信任,消除隔閡,提高集體榮譽感和責(zé)任感,從而消除人的緊張抑郁情緒(Biddle et al, 2011; Brown et al, 2013; Jayakody et al, 2014)。但從模型1和2結(jié)果對比可以得出,郊區(qū)居民健身活動約束方面幾個指標(biāo)的回歸系數(shù)B的絕對值都較大,健康狀況受通勤距離、健身活動頻率、滿意度的影響都明顯比城區(qū)居民大。遺憾的是,郊區(qū)居民由于通勤距離更長,通勤時耗更長,個人自由支配的閑暇時間更少,受時空約束更大(van Ommeren et al, 2011; Delbosc, 2012)。相應(yīng)地,參與鍛煉活動的頻率也更低,每次活動的時長有限,以致長期的生活工作壓力無法得到有效的宣泄,這也是造成心理健康狀況更差的重要原因。

4.2.2 健身活動機(jī)會影響心理健康

居民健身活動機(jī)會主要體現(xiàn)在建成環(huán)境因素的影響。由于就業(yè)地和居住地是日常出行活動的2個核心時空錨點,兩者的空間區(qū)位及周邊建成環(huán)境是影響出行及活動鏈安排的一個重要因素。對于居住在城區(qū)的居民而言,就業(yè)地健身活動設(shè)施密度與城區(qū)居民健康有正相關(guān)關(guān)系,完善的公共服務(wù)及健身活動配套設(shè)施能為居民提供更多的健身活動機(jī)會,同時讓居民的活動空間有更多的選擇彈性,既可靠近工作地,在工作之余享受文體活動;也可在居住社區(qū)附近自主選擇鍛煉活動設(shè)施和活動空間,滿足更多個性化的鍛煉活動需求。但對于郊區(qū)居民而言,就業(yè)地的健身活動設(shè)施密度影響并不顯著。結(jié)合問卷中健身地點空間區(qū)位選擇,郊區(qū)居民的活動健身地點基本都集中在居住社區(qū)周邊,原因是郊區(qū)居民的通勤活動受限于特定的出行方式。為此,必須調(diào)整自己的活動規(guī)律,被動地根據(jù)物業(yè)巴士、單位班車或城市公共交通的剛性時刻表來安排日常出行活動鏈。在這種情況下,郊區(qū)居民往往不得不放棄在工作地附近進(jìn)行體育健身,僅局限于住區(qū)周邊進(jìn)行休閑活動。這種長期不受主觀意愿控制的僵硬生活安排往往會對個體的心理狀況產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效益,居民更容易產(chǎn)生抑郁等情緒。

為進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識居住地的建成環(huán)境是否會對郊區(qū)居民的健身活動造成時空約束,本文在模型1和2的基礎(chǔ)上,通過模型3對廣州居民居住地建成環(huán)境進(jìn)行回歸分析。但由于郊區(qū)居民樣本建成環(huán)境存在一定的同質(zhì)性,無法進(jìn)行分類回歸,因此在模型3中將所有樣本共同進(jìn)入模型中考察居住社區(qū)周邊建成環(huán)境對心理健康的影響。

模型3結(jié)果顯示,居住社區(qū)的用地混合度、公交站點密度和健身活動設(shè)施密度具有一定的顯著性。而表3所顯示的用地混合度、健身活動設(shè)施密度等建成環(huán)境的城區(qū)和郊區(qū)差異,也進(jìn)一步表征了城市綠色公共空間或健身活動設(shè)施空間布局的不均衡,空間上的可達(dá)性成為影響居民健身散步活動頻率和時長的重要因素。對于用地類型單一、健身活動設(shè)施不足的郊區(qū)社區(qū)而言,居民就近外出健身活動的選擇性較少,往往需要耗費更多的時間成本才能滿足個性化的健身活動需求。因此公共交通站點密度低的居住區(qū)很可能會對健康行為產(chǎn)生機(jī)會剝奪和空間限制,這對于每天需要長時間通勤而耗費大量時間的郊區(qū)居民來說影響較大?？梢哉f,日常健身活動的時空約束造成了郊區(qū)居民更少的健身活動機(jī)會,持續(xù)緊張的工作和生活狀態(tài)難以得到有效排解,最終折射出較差的心理健康狀況。

5 結(jié)論與討論

由房地產(chǎn)主導(dǎo)下的城市建設(shè)成為中國郊區(qū)化空間擴(kuò)張的主要動力,在深刻改變城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)的同時,還帶來了居住區(qū)服務(wù)設(shè)施配置、公共活動空間、個體居民健康等城市公共性的話題。本文以城市郊區(qū)居民的基本健身活動時空特征為基礎(chǔ),通過對日常心理健康狀況進(jìn)行分析,以揭示快速郊區(qū)化背景下城郊通勤、公服配套、土地利用等建成環(huán)境因素對日常鍛煉行為活動的約束,最終影響居民的心理健康狀況。這也是從城市地理、公共健康、運動醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一次跨學(xué)科實證研究探索,主要研究結(jié)論有：

(1) 郊區(qū)居民心理健康得分偏低。利用WHO-5量表對被調(diào)查心理健康狀況進(jìn)行評分,發(fā)現(xiàn)郊區(qū)樣本平均分值只有8.411分,遠(yuǎn)低于城區(qū)樣本的12.788分,郊區(qū)居民的心理健康問題需要引起重視。

(2) 健康行為活動的時空特征差異揭示了郊居城區(qū)居民之間隱性的活動機(jī)會與權(quán)利的不平等現(xiàn)象。本文在控制個人社會經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性等變量后發(fā)現(xiàn),健身活動對個體心理健康產(chǎn)生重要的影響。城區(qū)居民不僅有更多的身心鍛煉時間,更高的健身頻率,而且在空間上也有更多的自主選擇彈性和個性化的活動機(jī)會,因此也擁有更好的心理健康狀態(tài)。而郊區(qū)居民除了每天的職業(yè)工作外,其日常鍛煉、散步等健康行為則更明顯地受制于漫長的通勤時耗和剛性的通勤模式,不僅直接壓縮了私人可支配的閑暇時間,健身活動頻率更低,而且空間上也長期禁錮在社區(qū)范圍內(nèi),并由此削減了健康行為的機(jī)會和權(quán)利,對生活質(zhì)量及心理健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

(3) 居住空間的建成環(huán)境進(jìn)一步加劇對郊區(qū)居民健身活動的時空約束。模型結(jié)果顯示,對于土地利用類型單一、公共健身活動空間可達(dá)性不高、公共交通設(shè)施不足的郊區(qū)而言,郊區(qū)居民進(jìn)行改善自我身心條件的健康活動機(jī)會受到較大的限制。由于郊區(qū)居民的通勤距離較長,出行模式也很大程度上受樓盤的物業(yè)巴士、單位班車及其他公共交通的剛性時空約束,因而對公共廣場、綠道、大型公園及健身活動設(shè)施布局的可達(dá)性及均衡性有更多的依賴,而這也直接影響到居民的日常健康行為的選擇機(jī)會。遺憾的是,目前郊區(qū)的公共活動設(shè)施供給不足也暴露了中國市場主導(dǎo)下快速郊區(qū)化帶來的弊病。城市化的往外蔓延形成了用地類型較為單一的居住樓盤,而市場主導(dǎo)下的土地利用發(fā)展模式往往容易走向偏差,難以滿足人口快速增長對公共服務(wù)設(shè)施的需求,客觀上對郊區(qū)居民的健身活動造成機(jī)會剝奪和空間限制,長期積累的工作生活壓力無法及時排解,最終折射出較低的生活質(zhì)量和較差心理狀態(tài)。

活動視角下健康地理研究的意義在于從個體健康方面入手,揭示市場化背景下城市建成環(huán)境的不平等現(xiàn)象,為提高郊區(qū)居民的生活質(zhì)量,滿足身心健康活動需求,實現(xiàn)真正意義上的公共服務(wù)均等化提供決策依據(jù)。由于郊區(qū)居民的空間移動性受到較大的限制,在出行空間和活動環(huán)境方面處于弱勢地位,迫切需要探索以人為本的郊區(qū)化發(fā)展政策予以應(yīng)對。一方面,需要對郊區(qū)擴(kuò)張的時序和相應(yīng)的配套進(jìn)行合理的引導(dǎo),實現(xiàn)土地利用、公共交通、社區(qū)開發(fā)與服務(wù)設(shè)施之間的協(xié)同發(fā)展;另一方面,城市規(guī)劃及公共政策的編制需要更多考慮空間公平性的問題,對過度市場化的開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行及時“糾偏”,根據(jù)郊區(qū)居民活動需求合理分配郊區(qū)的公共活動資源,改善土地利用結(jié)構(gòu),彌補(bǔ)商業(yè)資本逐利下造成的城市公共性的缺失。為改善個體身心健康狀況提供更好的環(huán)境。

本文對心理健康的研究側(cè)重從城市居住空間分化的角度進(jìn)行考察,但由于數(shù)據(jù)的限制,未能充分將不同郊區(qū)類型的空間差異進(jìn)行度量并引入模型,同時由于缺乏活動日志數(shù)據(jù),未能從個體居民詳細(xì)的時空安排角度進(jìn)行分析,這些問題將在后續(xù)的研究中加以改進(jìn)。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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作為一種分散型城市化,郊區(qū)化始于20世紀(jì)20年代,盛于二戰(zhàn)后的發(fā)達(dá)國家。西方早期的郊區(qū)化研究主要集中在郊區(qū)化的發(fā)展浪潮,郊區(qū)化的界定方法、發(fā)展機(jī)制、后果和政府調(diào)控等方面,90年代所提出的＂新郊區(qū)化＂概念將郊區(qū)化與邊緣城市、郊區(qū)次級就業(yè)中心的發(fā)展聯(lián)系在一起。21世紀(jì)以來,社會空間成為西方郊區(qū)化研究者最關(guān)注的話題。本文基于近年西方學(xué)者關(guān)于郊區(qū)化研究的最新文獻(xiàn),從郊區(qū)化與居住空間重構(gòu)、郊區(qū)化與住房選擇和分異、郊區(qū)化與居民通勤行為、郊區(qū)化與居民生活空間、郊區(qū)化的社會影響等方面總結(jié)了西方學(xué)者在社會空間視角下的郊區(qū)化研究方面所取得的研究成果。然后,分析了西方研究議題轉(zhuǎn)變和研究方法創(chuàng)新對中國郊區(qū)化研究所帶來的啟示。最后,從研究視角拓展、定性方法應(yīng)用、微觀機(jī)理探討、多重互動模式建構(gòu)等方面對未來中國郊區(qū)化的研究進(jìn)行展望。

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作為一種分散型城市化,郊區(qū)化始于20世紀(jì)20年代,盛于二戰(zhàn)后的發(fā)達(dá)國家。西方早期的郊區(qū)化研究主要集中在郊區(qū)化的發(fā)展浪潮,郊區(qū)化的界定方法、發(fā)展機(jī)制、后果和政府調(diào)控等方面,90年代所提出的＂新郊區(qū)化＂概念將郊區(qū)化與邊緣城市、郊區(qū)次級就業(yè)中心的發(fā)展聯(lián)系在一起。21世紀(jì)以來,社會空間成為西方郊區(qū)化研究者最關(guān)注的話題。本文基于近年西方學(xué)者關(guān)于郊區(qū)化研究的最新文獻(xiàn),從郊區(qū)化與居住空間重構(gòu)、郊區(qū)化與住房選擇和分異、郊區(qū)化與居民通勤行為、郊區(qū)化與居民生活空間、郊區(qū)化的社會影響等方面總結(jié)了西方學(xué)者在社會空間視角下的郊區(qū)化研究方面所取得的研究成果。然后,分析了西方研究議題轉(zhuǎn)變和研究方法創(chuàng)新對中國郊區(qū)化研究所帶來的啟示。最后,從研究視角拓展、定性方法應(yīng)用、微觀機(jī)理探討、多重互動模式建構(gòu)等方面對未來中國郊區(qū)化的研究進(jìn)行展望。

[5]歐愛華, 郝元濤, 梁兆暉, 等. 2009.

老年人群心理健康指數(shù)量表的應(yīng)用評價

[J]. 中國衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計, 26(2): 128-130.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2009.02.005    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

目的 進(jìn)行WHO-5幸福感指數(shù)量表(WHO-5 Well-Being Index)的評價,初步探討不同地區(qū)老年人群健康狀況及可能的影響因素,為開展老年人健康促進(jìn)工作提供參考依據(jù).方法 采用非隨機(jī)抽樣調(diào)查方法,選擇WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表及自制調(diào)查問卷對廣州市、貴州黔西南州60歲及以上老年人進(jìn)行調(diào)查,資料分析采用描述性統(tǒng)計、t檢驗、χ2檢驗、可靠性分析及因子分析等.結(jié)果 廣州老年幸福感指數(shù)得分(17.27)高于貴州(11.86),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表評價結(jié)果均有較好的信度(Cronbach's α=0.82)、效度(累計貢獻(xiàn)率為58.22%)和反應(yīng)度(t=2.56,P=0.016).結(jié)論 WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表適合我國60歲及以上老年人幸福感測量.

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Study on the mental health index questionnaire for elder people

[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 26(2): 128-130.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2009.02.005    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

目的 進(jìn)行WHO-5幸福感指數(shù)量表(WHO-5 Well-Being Index)的評價,初步探討不同地區(qū)老年人群健康狀況及可能的影響因素,為開展老年人健康促進(jìn)工作提供參考依據(jù).方法 采用非隨機(jī)抽樣調(diào)查方法,選擇WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表及自制調(diào)查問卷對廣州市、貴州黔西南州60歲及以上老年人進(jìn)行調(diào)查,資料分析采用描述性統(tǒng)計、t檢驗、χ2檢驗、可靠性分析及因子分析等.結(jié)果 廣州老年幸福感指數(shù)得分(17.27)高于貴州(11.86),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表評價結(jié)果均有較好的信度(Cronbach's α=0.82)、效度(累計貢獻(xiàn)率為58.22%)和反應(yīng)度(t=2.56,P=0.016).結(jié)論 WHO-5幸福指數(shù)量表適合我國60歲及以上老年人幸福感測量.

[6]塔娜, 柴彥威, 關(guān)美寶. 2015.

建成環(huán)境對北京市郊區(qū)居民工作日汽車出行的影響

[J]. 地理學(xué)報, 70(10): 1675-1685.

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201510011    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

郊區(qū)化導(dǎo)致的汽車出行增加及相關(guān)的城市環(huán)境與社會問題日益成為城市研究關(guān)注的焦點,但目前國內(nèi)對建成環(huán)境與汽車出行行為的研究剛剛起步?；贕PS與活動日志相結(jié)合的居民一周活動與出行數(shù)據(jù),利用GIS空間分析分別以居住地、工作地和活動空間作為地理背景,分析建成環(huán)境對于郊區(qū)居民汽車出行距離的影響因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),建成環(huán)境對工作日汽車出行的影響因地理背景的選擇而有不同。整日出行受到工作地和活動空間的影響,工作地與活動空間建設(shè)密度增高汽車出行減少,但是居住空間的影響不顯著;通勤出行受到居住地、工作地和活動空間的影響,居住地商業(yè)密度提高和建設(shè)密度降低、工作地和活動空間建設(shè)密度提高,汽車出行減少;非工作活動出行也受到居住地、工作地和活動空間的影響,居住地、工作地和活動空間的公交密度低、工作地和活動空間建設(shè)密度高,汽車出行少。基于研究結(jié)果,本文對地理背景不確定性問題進(jìn)行了探討,提出出行行為的研究需要考慮居住地以外其他地理背景的影響,并對控制汽車使用的公共政策提出了建議。

[Ta N, Chai Y W, Kwan M P.2015.

The relationship between the built environment and car travel distance on weekdays in Beijing

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(10): 1675-1685.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201510011    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

郊區(qū)化導(dǎo)致的汽車出行增加及相關(guān)的城市環(huán)境與社會問題日益成為城市研究關(guān)注的焦點,但目前國內(nèi)對建成環(huán)境與汽車出行行為的研究剛剛起步。基于GPS與活動日志相結(jié)合的居民一周活動與出行數(shù)據(jù),利用GIS空間分析分別以居住地、工作地和活動空間作為地理背景,分析建成環(huán)境對于郊區(qū)居民汽車出行距離的影響因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),建成環(huán)境對工作日汽車出行的影響因地理背景的選擇而有不同。整日出行受到工作地和活動空間的影響,工作地與活動空間建設(shè)密度增高汽車出行減少,但是居住空間的影響不顯著;通勤出行受到居住地、工作地和活動空間的影響,居住地商業(yè)密度提高和建設(shè)密度降低、工作地和活動空間建設(shè)密度提高,汽車出行減少;非工作活動出行也受到居住地、工作地和活動空間的影響,居住地、工作地和活動空間的公交密度低、工作地和活動空間建設(shè)密度高,汽車出行少?；谘芯拷Y(jié)果,本文對地理背景不確定性問題進(jìn)行了探討,提出出行行為的研究需要考慮居住地以外其他地理背景的影響,并對控制汽車使用的公共政策提出了建議。

[7]吳江潔, 孫斌棟. 2016.

通勤時間的幸?？冃? 基于中國家庭追蹤調(diào)查的實證研究

[J]. 人文地理, 31(3): 33-39.

URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

幸福不僅是個人的心愿,也是城市管理者的執(zhí)政目標(biāo)之一,因此,對于城市中普遍存在的通勤時間過長所帶來的心理影響研究十分必要。本文采用中國家庭追蹤調(diào)查(CFPS)數(shù)據(jù),考察了通勤時間對于個人主觀幸福感的影響。實證結(jié)果顯示,通勤時間對于個人幸福感存在顯著的負(fù)向影響,隨著個人通勤時間的增加,個人幸福感也隨之降低。通勤時間與生活滿意度也同樣呈現(xiàn)顯著的負(fù)相關(guān),這也證明了結(jié)論的穩(wěn)健性。通過進(jìn)一步考察通勤時間負(fù)面影響的異質(zhì)性發(fā)現(xiàn),通勤時間對幸福感的影響在不同社會群體間存在差異,對于個人收入高、教育程度高、家庭收入高的居民而言,通勤時間所造成的負(fù)面心理影響更大。因此,政府應(yīng)重視通勤對居民幸福感的影響,并致力于提高交通效率。

[Wu J J, Sun B D.2016.

The impact of commuting time on subjective happiness: Evidence from china family panel survey data

[J]. Human Geography, 31(3): 33-39.]

URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

幸福不僅是個人的心愿,也是城市管理者的執(zhí)政目標(biāo)之一,因此,對于城市中普遍存在的通勤時間過長所帶來的心理影響研究十分必要。本文采用中國家庭追蹤調(diào)查(CFPS)數(shù)據(jù),考察了通勤時間對于個人主觀幸福感的影響。實證結(jié)果顯示,通勤時間對于個人幸福感存在顯著的負(fù)向影響,隨著個人通勤時間的增加,個人幸福感也隨之降低。通勤時間與生活滿意度也同樣呈現(xiàn)顯著的負(fù)相關(guān),這也證明了結(jié)論的穩(wěn)健性。通過進(jìn)一步考察通勤時間負(fù)面影響的異質(zhì)性發(fā)現(xiàn),通勤時間對幸福感的影響在不同社會群體間存在差異,對于個人收入高、教育程度高、家庭收入高的居民而言,通勤時間所造成的負(fù)面心理影響更大。因此,政府應(yīng)重視通勤對居民幸福感的影響,并致力于提高交通效率。

[8]袁奇峰, 魏成. 2011.

從“大盤”到“新城”: 廣州“華南板塊”重構(gòu)思考

[J]. 城市與區(qū)域規(guī)劃研究, 4(2): 101-118.

URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

1990年代以來,城市房地產(chǎn)發(fā)展建設(shè)逐漸成為城市空間拓展與城市建設(shè)的"主力軍",以至于對城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生深刻影響,特別是與城市空間發(fā)展和城市公共性等議題密切聯(lián)系的有關(guān)居住區(qū)的規(guī)模、選址、公共服務(wù)配置等,成為政府以及企業(yè)博弈的"前臺"。然而,廣州"華南板塊"居住"大盤"開發(fā)則提供了一個由于縣(區(qū))級政府和市級政府在利益博弈與空間管制過渡期間,開發(fā)商主導(dǎo)與"運營"樓盤建設(shè),政府缺位和不作為而導(dǎo)致城市公共性喪失的微觀分析樣本。本文探討了"華南板塊"大盤開發(fā)的形成及其后果,并以廣州城市發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究為基礎(chǔ),希冀以"新城"理念重構(gòu)"華南板塊",以彌補(bǔ)城市公共性的缺失,從而促使"居住大盤"有望向真正意義上的城市轉(zhuǎn)變。

[Yuan Q F, Wei C.2011.

From “l(fā)arge community” to “new town”: Reorganization of “south china residential block”

[J]. Journal of Urban and Regional Planning, 4(2): 101-118.]

URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

1990年代以來,城市房地產(chǎn)發(fā)展建設(shè)逐漸成為城市空間拓展與城市建設(shè)的"主力軍",以至于對城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生深刻影響,特別是與城市空間發(fā)展和城市公共性等議題密切聯(lián)系的有關(guān)居住區(qū)的規(guī)模、選址、公共服務(wù)配置等,成為政府以及企業(yè)博弈的"前臺"。然而,廣州"華南板塊"居住"大盤"開發(fā)則提供了一個由于縣(區(qū))級政府和市級政府在利益博弈與空間管制過渡期間,開發(fā)商主導(dǎo)與"運營"樓盤建設(shè),政府缺位和不作為而導(dǎo)致城市公共性喪失的微觀分析樣本。本文探討了"華南板塊"大盤開發(fā)的形成及其后果,并以廣州城市發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究為基礎(chǔ),希冀以"新城"理念重構(gòu)"華南板塊",以彌補(bǔ)城市公共性的缺失,從而促使"居住大盤"有望向真正意義上的城市轉(zhuǎn)變。

[9]張艷, 柴彥威. 2013.

生活活動空間的郊區(qū)化研究

[J]. 地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 32(12): 1723-1731.

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.12.001    URL    Magsci     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

中國城市的郊區(qū)化不僅重塑了城市內(nèi)部空間結(jié)構(gòu)，還推動了居民生活方式與生活活動空間的轉(zhuǎn)變。生活活動空間的郊區(qū)化成為繼人口、工業(yè)、商業(yè)及辦公業(yè)等郊區(qū)化浪潮之后，郊區(qū)化發(fā)展的新趨勢。面對郊區(qū)化所伴隨的能源資源消耗、環(huán)境污染、交通擁堵、生活質(zhì)量下降，以及社會極化與空間分異等新問題，亟待引入行為研究方法，從個體生活活動空間的視角重新解讀中國城市郊區(qū)化的過程，并反思目前郊區(qū)化進(jìn)程中城市空間組織及發(fā)展模式的弊端。本文以生活活動空間為切入點，將地理學(xué)與社會學(xué)相結(jié)合，提出了新的郊區(qū)化研究視角、研究框架、研究內(nèi)容與方法，試圖基于完整的個體生活經(jīng)歷，對以往單一要素的郊區(qū)化研究進(jìn)行整合，并借助GIS 進(jìn)行可視化的地理敘事方法，為開展生活活動空間的郊區(qū)化研究提供有效途徑；這不僅對于郊區(qū)化理論創(chuàng)新具有重要意義，同時也豐富了基于個體行為的城市空間研究框架。

[Zhang Y, Chai Y W.2013.

Study on suburbanization of living and activity space

[J]. Progress in Geography, 32(12): 1723-1731.]

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.12.001    URL    Magsci     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

中國城市的郊區(qū)化不僅重塑了城市內(nèi)部空間結(jié)構(gòu)，還推動了居民生活方式與生活活動空間的轉(zhuǎn)變。生活活動空間的郊區(qū)化成為繼人口、工業(yè)、商業(yè)及辦公業(yè)等郊區(qū)化浪潮之后，郊區(qū)化發(fā)展的新趨勢。面對郊區(qū)化所伴隨的能源資源消耗、環(huán)境污染、交通擁堵、生活質(zhì)量下降，以及社會極化與空間分異等新問題，亟待引入行為研究方法，從個體生活活動空間的視角重新解讀中國城市郊區(qū)化的過程，并反思目前郊區(qū)化進(jìn)程中城市空間組織及發(fā)展模式的弊端。本文以生活活動空間為切入點，將地理學(xué)與社會學(xué)相結(jié)合，提出了新的郊區(qū)化研究視角、研究框架、研究內(nèi)容與方法，試圖基于完整的個體生活經(jīng)歷，對以往單一要素的郊區(qū)化研究進(jìn)行整合，并借助GIS 進(jìn)行可視化的地理敘事方法，為開展生活活動空間的郊區(qū)化研究提供有效途徑；這不僅對于郊區(qū)化理論創(chuàng)新具有重要意義，同時也豐富了基于個體行為的城市空間研究框架。

[10]Araya R, Montgomery A, Rojas G, et al.2007.

Common mental disorders and the built environment in Santiago, Chile

[J]. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(5): 394-401.

https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024596    URL    PMID: 17470953     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is growing research interest in the influence of the built environment on mental disorders. AIMS: To estimate the variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders attributable to individuals and the built environment of geographical sectors where they live. METHOD: A sample of 3870 adults (response rate 90%) clustered in 248 geographical sectors participated in a household cross-sectional survey in Santiago, Chile. Independently rated contextual measures of the built environment were obtained. The Clinical Interview Schedule was used to estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the quality of the built environment of small geographical sectors and the presence of common mental disorders among its residents. The better the quality of the built environment, the lower the scores for psychiatric symptoms; however, only a small proportion of the variation in common mental disorder existed at sector level, after adjusting for individual factors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from our study, using a contextual assessment of the quality of the built environment and multilevel modelling in the analysis, suggest these associations may be more marked in non-Western settings with more homogeneous geographical sectors.

[11]Biddle S J H, Asare M.2011.

Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews

[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11): 886-895.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185    URL    PMID: 21807669     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

To synthesise reviews investigating physical activity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents and to assess the association between sedentary behaviour and mental health by performing a brief review.Searches were performed in 2010. Inclusion criteria specified review articles reporting chronic physical activity and at least one mental health outcome that included depression, anxiety/stress, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children or adolescents.Four review articles reported evidence concerning depression, four for anxiety, three for self-esteem and seven for cognitive functioning. Nine primary studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health. Physical activity has potentially beneficial effects for reduced depression, but the evidence base is limited. Intervention designs are low in quality, and many reviews include cross-sectional studies. Physical activity interventions have been shown to have a small beneficial effect for reduced anxiety, but the evidence base is limited. Physical activity can lead to improvements in self-esteem, at least in the short term. However, there is a paucity of good quality research. Reviews on physical activity and cognitive functioning have provided evidence that routine physical activity can be associated with improved cognitive performance and academic achievement, but these associations are usually small and inconsistent. Primary studies showed consistent negative associations between mental health and sedentary behaviour.Association between physical activity and mental health in young people is evident, but research designs are often weak and effects are small to moderate. Evidence shows small but consistent associations between sedentary screen time and poorer mental health.

[12]Brown H E, Pearson N, Braithwaite R E, et al.2013.

Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents

[J]. Sports Medicine, 43(3): 195-206.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0015-8    URL     [本文引用: 2]    

[13]Cervero R.1989.

America's suburban centers: The land-use-transportation link

[M]. Boston, Massachusetts: Unwin Hyman Inc.

[本文引用: 1]    

[14]Cervero R, Kockelman K.1997.

Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design

[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3): 199-219.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

The built environment is thought to influence travel demand along three principal dimensions —density, diversity, and design. This paper tests this proposition by examining how the ‘3Ds’ affect trip rates and mode choice of residents in the San Francisco Bay Area. Using 1990 travel diary data and land-use records obtained from the U.S. census, regional inventories, and field surveys, models are estimated that relate features of the built environment to variations in vehicle miles traveled per household and mode choice, mainly for non-work trips. Factor analysis is used to linearly combine variables into the density and design dimensions of the built environment. The research finds that density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian-oriented designs generally reduce trip rates and encourage non-auto travel in statistically significant ways, though their influences appear to be fairly marginal. Elasticities between variables and factors that capture the 3Ds and various measures of travel demand are generally in the 0.06 to 0.18 range, expressed in absolute terms. Compact development was found to exert the strongest influence on personal business trips. Within-neighborhood retail shops, on the other hand, were most strongly associated with mode choice for work trips. And while a factor capturing ‘walking quality’ was only moderately related to mode choice for non-work trips, those living in neighborhoods with grid-iron street designs and restricted commercial parking were nonetheless found to average significantly less vehicle miles of travel and rely less on single-occupant vehicles for non-work trips. Overall, this research shows that the elasticities between each dimension of the built environment and travel demand are modest to moderate, though certainly not inconsequential. Thus it supports the contention of new urbanists and others that creating more compact, diverse, and pedestrian-orientated neighborhoods, in combination, can meaningfully influence how Americans travel.

[15]Chen Y Y, Wong G H, Lum T Y, et al.2015.

Neighborhood support network, perceived proximity to community facilities and depressive symptoms among low socioeconomic status Chinese elders

[J]. Aging & Mental Health, 20(4): 423-431.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1018867    URL    PMID: 25775108    摘要

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Depressive symptoms are common in older people; most previous research on elderly depression focused on individual-level characteristics or neighborhood socioeconomic status. Modifiable neighborhood characteristics of older people dwelling in low-income communities are under-studied. This study aims to identify potentially modifiable social and physical neighborhood characteristics that influence depressive symptoms independent of individual-level characteristics among older Chinese. METHOD: Data came from a cross-sectional survey conducted in four low-income public rental housing estates in Hong Kong in 2012. We interviewed a total of 400 elderly residents. The structured questionnaire covered demographics, activities of daily living, recent fall history, neighborhood support networks, and perceived proximity by walk to community facilities. Multiple regression was used to test whether inclusion of neighborhood factors in addition to individual characteristics increases model fit in explaining depressive symptoms in elders with low socioeconomic status. RESULTS: At individual level, activities of daily living and income significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Receiving support from friends or neighbors is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. However, participants who received organizational support had a 1.17 points of increase on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). At-ease walkable proximity to medical facilities was positively associated with a better GDS score. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood support networks and perceived proximity by walk to community facilities contribute significantly to depressive symptoms among low-income elders. Programs and policies that facilitate neighborhood support and commuting or promote facility accessibility may help ameliorate depressive symptoms common among low-income elders.

[16]Delbosc A.2012.

The role of well-being in transport policy

[J]. Transport Policy, 23: 25-33.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.06.005    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

78 Governments and policy-makers are seeing the importance of supporting psychological well-being. 78 Few researchers have considered whether transport can influence well-being. 78 Early empirical research suggests that transport can influence well-being in some situations. 78 It is theorised that it does so through access to activities, physical mobility and externalities. 78 More research is needed to understand the impact transport policy can have on life satisfaction.

[17]Elavsky S.2010.

Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women

[J]. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(6): 862-880.

https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.862    URL    PMID: 21282842     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Abstract This 2-year prospective study examined the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women (N = 143) previously enrolled in a randomized controlled exercise trial. Across the 2-year period, increases in physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy and reductions in body mass index (BMI) were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition, and reductions in BMI were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The effects of PA, self-efficacy, and BMI on changes in physical self-worth and global self-esteem were mediated by changes in self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The results of this longitudinal analysis support the hierarchical and multidimensional structure of self-esteem and indicate that middle-aged women can enhance how they perceive their condition and body attractiveness by continued participation in physical activity, increasing their self-efficacy, and maintaining healthy BMI levels.

[18]Ettema D, Timmermans H.2007.

Space-time accessibility under conditions of uncertain travel times: Theory and numerical simulations

[J]. Geographical Analysis, 39(2): 217-240.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00702.x    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Recently, several accessibility measures using the space–time prism concept have been suggested in the literature. These measures fail to take into account (i) the ability of individuals to adjust their activity–travel patterns in coping with constrained choice sets, (ii) uncertainty in the perception of travel times, (iii) temporal variability of travel times, and (iv) the influence of travel information on accessibility. The aim of the present article is to contribute to this literature by addressing these four shortcomings. Theory will be developed and illustrated using numerical simulations. The results suggest that the accessibility measure proposed in this article is a useful indicator of social inclusion in terms of the time individuals can spend to conduct their preferred activities. Moreover, accessibility is found to be affected by the presence of schedule delay penalties, restrictions in time allocation to activities, and the provision of travel time information in order to reduce uncertainty.

[19]Evans G W.2003.

The built environment and mental health

[J]. Journal of Urban Health, 80(4): 536-555.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063    URL     [本文引用: 1]    

[20]Ewing R, Cervero R.2010.

Travel and the built environment

[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3): 265-294.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Problem: Localities and states are turning to land planning and urban design for help in reducing automobile use and related social and environmental costs. The effects of such strategies on travel demand have not been generalized in recent years from the multitude of available studies. Purpose: We conducted a meta-analysis of the built environment-travel literature existing at the end of 2009 in order to draw generalizable conclusions for practice. We aimed to quantify effect sizes, update earlier work, include additional outcome measures, and address the methodological issue of self-selection. Methods: We computed elasticities for individual studies and pooled them to produce weighted averages. Results and conclusions: Travel variables are generally inelastic with respect to change in measures of the built environment. Of the environmental variables considered here, none has a weighted average travel elasticity of absolute magnitude greater than 0.39, and most are much less. Still, the combined effect of several such variables on travel could be quite large. Consistent with prior work, we find that vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is most strongly related to measures of accessibility to destinations and secondarily to street network design variables. Walking is most strongly related to measures of land use diversity, intersection density, and the number of destinations within walking distance. Bus and train use are equally related to proximity to transit and street network design variables, with land use diversity a secondary factor. Surprisingly, we find population and job densities to be only weakly associated with travel behavior once these other variables are controlled. Takeaway for practice: The elasticities we derived in this meta-analysis may be used to adjust outputs of travel or activity models that are otherwise insensitive to variation in the built environment, or be used in sketch planning applications ranging from climate action plans to health impact assessments. However, because sample sizes are small, and very few studies control for residential preferences and attitudes, we cannot say that planners should generalize broadly from our results. While these elasticities are as accurate as currently possible, they should be understood to contain unknown error and have unknown confidence intervals. They provide a base, and as more built-environment/travel studies appear in the planning literature, these elasticities should be updated and refined. Research support: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

[21]Feng J, Zhou Y X, Wu F L.2008.

New trends of suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: From government-led to market-oriented

[J]. Regional Studies, 42(1): 83-99.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701654160    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Feng J., Zhou Y. and Wu F. New trends of suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: from government-led to market-oriented, Regional Studies. Since the 1990s suburbanization has been continuing in China along with the deepening of market transition. The process of suburbanization has gone beyond purely government-initiated relocation of households and polluting industries. Based on the newest population census, this paper identifies some major new trends of suburbanization in Beijing. The new round of suburbanization has been driven by the construction of suburban villas and affordable housing, rising private car ownership, the decentralization of industry, and the development of large suburban shopping malls and retail parks. Passively relocated households are no longer the dominant source of suburbanization. Suburbanization in Beijing has evolved into a new stage of more market-oriented development in the suburbs. Feng J., Zhou Y. et Wu F. Nouvelles tendances de la suburbanisation à Beijing (Pékin) depuis 1990: du dirigisme gouvernemental à l'economie de marché, Regional Studies. Depuis les années 1990, la suburbanisation se poursuit en Chine parallèlement à l'intensification de la transition vers l'économie de marché. Le processus de suburbanisation a dépassé le simple déménagement des ménages et des industries polluantes à l'initiative unilatérale du gouvernement. Sur la base du tout dernier recensement de la population, cet article identifie plusieurs nouvelles tendances importantes de la suburbanisation à Beijing. Ce nouveau cycle de suburbanisation a pour moteur la construction de villas et de logements abordables en zones suburbaines, la possession en hausse de voitures particulières, la décentralisation de l'industrie, et le développement de galeries marchandes et de centres commerciaux suburbains de grande taille. Les ménages déplacés passivement ne constituent plus la source dominante de la suburbanisation. La suburbanisation à Beijing est passée à un nouveau stade de développement dans les banlieues, plus orienté vers l'économie de marché. Suburbanisation69Recensement de population69Beijing69Chine Feng J., Zhou Y. und Wu F. Neue Trends der Suburbanisierung in Peking seit den neunziger Jahren: von staatlich gelenkt zu marktorientiert, Regional Studies. Seit den neunziger Jahren hat sich die Suburbanisierung in China gemeinsam mit der Vertiefung des Marktübergangs fortgesetzt. Der Prozess der Suburbanisierung ist über eine rein staatlich initiierte Umsiedelung von Haushalten und verschmutzenden Industrien hinausgegangen. In diesem Aufsatz identifizieren wir anhand der neuesten Volksz01hlungsdaten einige wichtige neue Trends der Suburbanisierung in Peking. Die neue Runde der Suburbanisierung wurde durch den Bau von Vorstadtvillen und erschwinglichen Wohnungen, die zunehmende Zahl von Autos im Privatbesitz, die Dezentralisierung der Industrie sowie die Entwicklung gro08er Einkaufszentren und Einzelhandelsparks in Vorstadtgebieten vorangetrieben. Passiv umgesiedelte Haushalte sind nicht mehr die dominante Quelle der Suburbanisierung. Die Suburbanisierung in Peking ist in eine neue Phase einer st01rker am Markt orientierten Entwicklung in den Vorst01dten übergegangen. Suburbanisierung69Volksz01hlung69Peking69China Feng J., Zhou Y. y Wu F. Nuevas tendencias en la suburbanización en Pekín desde 1990: de dirección estatal a orientación mercantil, Regional Studies. Desde la década de los noventa, ha continuado la suburbanización en China junto con la intensificación de la transición del mercado. El proceso de suburbanización ha ido más allá de la reubicación meramente iniciada por el gobierno de las viviendas y las industrias contaminantes. Basándonos en el censo de población más reciente, en este artículo identificamos algunas de las principales nuevas tendencias de suburbanización en Pekín. El nuevo ciclo de suburbanización ha sido impulsado por la construcción de residencias suburbanas y viviendas asequibles, un mayor número de propietarios de automóviles privados, la descentralización de la industria y el desarrollo de grandes centros comerciales y parques minoristas suburbanos. La reubicación pasiva de las viviendas ya no es la fuente dominante de la suburbanización. La suburbanización en Pekín ha progresado en una nueva fase de desarrollo más orientado hacia el mercado en los suburbios. Suburbanización69Censo de población69Pekín69China

[22]Galea S, Ahern J, Rudenstine S, et al.2005.

Urban built environment and depression: A multilevel analysis

[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(10): 822-827.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.033084    URL    PMID: 16166352     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

To assess the relations between characteristics of the neighbourhood internal and external built environment and past six month and lifetime depression.Depression and sociodemographic information were assessed in a cross sectional survey of residents of New York City (NYC). All respondents were geocoded to neighbourhood of residence. Data on the quality of the built environment in 59 NYC neighbourhoods were collected from the United Status census, the New York City housing and vacancy survey, and the fiscal 2002 New York City mayor's management report.Among 1355 respondents, residence in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment was associated with greater individual likelihood of past six month and lifetime depression in multilevel models adjusting for individual age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income and for neighbourhood level income. In adjusted models, persons living in neighbourhoods characterised by poorer features of the built environment were 29%-58% more likely to report past six month depression and 36%-64% more likely to report lifetime depression than respondents living in neighbourhoods characterised by better features of the built environment.Living in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment is associated with a greater likelihood of depression. Future prospective work designed to assess potential mechanisms underlying these associations may guide public health and urban planning efforts aimed at improving population mental health.

[23]Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Moudon A, Reis R, et al.2016.

City planning and population health: A global challenge

[J]. Lancet, 388(10062): 2912-2924.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6    URL    PMID: 27671668     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Significant global health challenges are being confronted in the 21st century, prompting calls to rethink approaches to disease prevention. A key part of the solution is city planning that reduces non-communicable diseases and road trauma while also managing rapid urbanisation. This Series of papers considers the health impacts of city planning through transport mode choices. In this, the first paper, we identify eight integrated regional and local interventions that, when combined, encourage walking, cycling, and public transport use, while reducing private motor vehicle use. These interventions are destination accessibility, equitable distribution of employment across cities, managing demand by reducing the availability and increasing the cost of parking, designing pedestrian-friendly and cycling-friendly movement networks, achieving optimum levels of residential density, reducing distance to public transport, and enhancing the desirability of active travel modes (eg, creating safe attractive neighbourhoods and safe, affordable, and convenient public transport). Together, these interventions will create healthier and more sustainable compact cities that reduce the environmental, social, and behavioural risk factors that affect lifestyle choices, levels of traffic, environmental pollution, noise, and crime. The health sector, including health ministers, must lead in advocating for integrated multisector city planning that prioritises health, sustainability, and liveability outcomes, particularly in rapidly changing low-income and middle-income countries. We recommend establishing a set of indicators to benchmark and monitor progress towards achievement of more compact cities that promote health and reduce health inequities.

[24]Gottholmseder G, Nowotny K, Pruckner G J, et al.2009.

Stress perception and commuting

[J]. Health Economics, 18(5): 559-576.

https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.v18:5    URL     [本文引用: 1]    

[25]H?mmig O, Gutzwiller F, Bauer G.2009.

Work-life conflict and associations with work-and nonwork-related factors and with physical and mental health outcomes: A nationally representative cross-sectional study in Switzerland

[J]. BMC Public Health, 9: 435.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-435    URL    PMID: 2794864     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Background The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine work- and nonwork- related factors and physical and mental health outcomes associated with combined time- and strain-based work-life conflict (WLC) among adult employees living and working in Switzerland as well as possible gender differences in this regard. Methods The data used for the study were taken from wave 6 of the nationally representative Swiss Household Panel (SHP) collected in 2004. The analysis was restricted to 4'371 employees aged 20 to 64 years. Trivariate crosstabulations and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses stratified by gender were performed in order to calculate gender-specific prevalence rates (%), beta coefficients (尾) and crude as well as multiple adjusted odds ratios (OR) as measures of association. Results Every eighth person (12.5%) within the study population has a high or very high WLC score. Prevalence rates are clearly above average in men and women with higher education, in executive positions or managerial functions, in full-time jobs, with variable work schedules, regular overtime, long commuting time to work and job insecurity. Working overtime regularly, having variable work schedules and being in a management position are most strongly associated with WLC in men, whereas in women the level of employment is the strongest explanatory variable by far, followed by variable work schedules and high job status (managerial position). In both men and women, WLC is associated with several physical and mental health problems. Employees with high or very high WLC show a comparatively high relative risk of self-reported poor health, anxiety and depression, lack of energy and optimism, serious backache, headaches, sleep disorders and fatigue. While overall prevalence rate of (very) high WLC is higher in men than in women, associations between degrees of WLC and most health outcomes are stronger in women than in men. Conclusion This important issue which up to now has been largely neglected in public health research needs to be addressed in future public health research and, if the findings are confirmed by subsequent (longitudinal) studies, to be considered in workplace health promotion and interventions in Switzerland as elsewhere.

[26]Hansson E, Mattisson K, Bj?rk J, et al.2011.

Relationship between commuting and health outcomes in a cross-sectional population survey in southern Sweden

[J]. BMC Public Health, 11: 834.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-834    URL    PMID: 22039952     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Abstract BACKGROUND: The need for a mobile workforce inevitably means that the length of the total work day (working and traveling time) will increase, but the health effects of commuting have been surprisingly little studied apart from perceived stress and the benefits of physically active commuting. METHODS: We used data from two cross-sectional population-based public health surveys performed in 2004 and 2008 in Scania, Sweden (56% response rate). The final study population was 21, 088 persons aged 18-65, working > 30 h/week. Duration (one-way) and mode of commuting were reported. The outcomes studied were perceived poor sleep quality, everyday stress, low vitality, mental health, self-reported health, and absence from work due to sickness during the past 12 months. Covariates indicating socioeconomic status and family situation, overtime, job strain and urban/rural residency were included in multivariate analyses. Subjects walking or cycling to work 60 min odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.2 - 1.6 for the different outcomes. For car commuting, the relationships were concave downward or flat, with increasing subjective health complaints up to 30-60 min (ORs ranging from 1.2 - 1.4), and lower ORs in the > 60 min category. A similar concave downward relationship was observed for sickness absence, regardless of mode of transport. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are concordant with the few earlier studies in the field, in that associations were found between commutation and negative health outcomes. This further demonstrates the need to consider the negative side-effects of commuting when discussing policies aimed at increasing the mobility of the workforce. Studies identifying population groups with increased susceptibility are warranted.

[27]Jayakody K, Gunadasa S, Hosker C.2014.

Exercise for anxiety disorders: Systematic review

[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3): 187-196.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287    URL    PMID: 23299048     [本文引用: 2]    摘要

Anxiety disorders are commonly treated with antidepressants and psychological treatments. Some patients may prefer alternative approaches such as exercise.To investigate the treatment effects of exercise compared with other treatments for anxiety disorders.Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions for anxiety disorders were identified by searching six online databases (July 2011). A number of journals were also hand searched.Eight RCTs were included. For panic disorder: exercise appears to reduce anxiety symptoms but it is less effective than antidepressant medication (1 RCT); exercise combined with antidepressant medication improves the Clinical Global Impression outcomes (1 RCT, p0.1) with both seeming to reduce anxiety symptoms (1 RCT, p<0.001). It remains unclear as to which type of exercise; moderate to hard or very light to light, is more effective in anxiety reduction (2 RCTs).Exercise seems to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders but it is less effective compared with antidepressant treatment. Both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise seems to reduce anxiety symptoms. Social phobics may benefit from exercise when combined with group CBT. Further well-conducted RCTs are needed.

[28]Kwan M P.2012.

The uncertain geographic context problem

[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5): 958-968.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.687349    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Any study that examines the effects of area-based attributes on individual behaviors or outcomes faces another fundamental methodological problem besides the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). It is the problem that results about these effects can be affected by how contextual units or neighborhoods are geographically delineated and the extent to which these areal units deviate from the true geographic context. The problem arises because of the spatial uncertainty in the actual areas that exert the contextual influences under study and the temporal uncertainty in the timing and duration in which individuals experienced these contextual influences. Using neighborhood effects and environmental health research as a point of departure, this article clarifies the nature and sources of this problem, which is referred to as the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). It highlights some of the inferential errors that the UGCoP might cause and discusses some means for mitigating the problem. It reviews recent studies to show that both contextual variables and research findings are sensitive to different delineations of contextual units. The article argues that the UGCoP is a problem as fundamental as the MAUP but is a different kind of problem. Future research needs to pay explicit attention to its potential confounding effects on research results and to methods for mitigating the problem.

[29]Maas J, Verheij R A, Groenewegen P P, et al.2006.

Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation

[J]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(7): 587-592.

[本文引用: 1]    

[30]Melis G, Gelormino E, Marra G, et al.2015.

The effects of the urban built environment on mental health: A cohort study in a large northern Italian city

[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(11): 14898-14915.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114898    URL    PMID: 4661687     [本文引用: 2]    摘要

Mental health (MH) has a relevant burden on the health of populations. Common MH disorders (anxiety and non-psychotic depression) are well associated to socioeconomic individual and neighborhood characteristics, but little is known about the influence of urban structure. We analyzed among a Turin (Northwest Italy) urban population the association at area level of different urban structure characteristics (density, accessibility by public transport, accessibility to services, green and public spaces) and consumption of antidepressants. Estimates were adjusted by individual socio-demographic variables (education, housing tenure, employment) and contextual social environment (SE) variables (social and physical disorder, crime rates). Data was extracted from the Turin Longitudinal Study (TLS)-a census-based cohort study following up prospectively the mortality and morbidity of the population. As expected, individual characteristics show the strongest association with antidepressant drug consumption, while among built environment (BE) indicators accessibility by public transport and urban density only are associated to MH, being slightly protective factors. Results from this study, in agreement with previous literature, suggest that BE has a stronger effect on MH for people who spend more time in the neighborhood. Therefore, this research suggests that good accessibility to public transport, as well as a dense urban structure (versus sprawl), could contribute to reduced risk of depression, especially for women and elderly, by increasing opportunities to move around and have an active social life.

[31]Primack B A.2003.

The WHO-5 Wellbeing Index performed the best in screening for depression in primary care

[J]. ACP Journal Club, 139(2): 48.

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.8.5.155    URL    PMID: 12954040     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Comment on BMJ. 2003 Jan 25;326(7382):200-1.

[32]Topp C W, ?stergaard S D, S?ndergaard S, et al.2015.

The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature

[J]. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3): 167-176.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585    URL    PMID: 25831962     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Abstract BACKGROUND: The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is among the most widely used questionnaires assessing subjective psychological well-being. Since its first publication in 1998, the WHO-5 has been translated into more than 30 languages and has been used in research studies all over the world. We now provide a systematic review of the literature on the WHO-5. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search for literature on the WHO-5 in PubMed and PsycINFO in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In our review of the identified articles, we focused particularly on the following aspects: (1) the clinimetric validity of the WHO-5; (2) the responsiveness/sensitivity of the WHO-5 in controlled clinical trials; (3) the potential of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression, and (4) the applicability of the WHO-5 across study fields. RESULTS: A total of 213 articles met the predefined criteria for inclusion in the review. The review demonstrated that the WHO-5 has high clinimetric validity, can be used as an outcome measure balancing the wanted and unwanted effects of treatments, is a sensitive and specific screening tool for depression and its applicability across study fields is very high. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO-5 is a short questionnaire consisting of 5 simple and non-invasive questions, which tap into the subjective well-being of the respondents. The scale has adequate validity both as a screening tool for depression and as an outcome measure in clinical trials and has been applied successfully across a wide range of study fields.

[33]van Ommeren J N, Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau E.2011.

Are workers with a long commute less productive? An empirical analysis of absenteeism

[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(1): 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.07.005    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

We hypothesise, and test for, a negative effect of the length of the worker's commute on worker's productivity, by examining whether the commute has a positive effect on worker's absenteeism. We identify this effect using employer-induced changes in commuting distance. Our estimates for Germany indicate that commuting distance induces absenteeism with an elasticity of about 0.07 to 0.09. On average, absenteeism would be about 15 to 20% less if all workers would have a negligible commute. These results are consistent with extended urban efficiency wage models.

[34]Wang E R, Song J P, Xu T.2011.

From “spatial bond” to “spatial mismatch": An assessment of changing job-shousing relationship in Beijing

[J]. Habitat International, 35(2): 398-409.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.008    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

For decades through the 1980s, housing units in major Chinese cities were “bonded” to jobs as they were located together with or very close to places of employment within large, walled danwei compounds. From the 1990s, accelerated suburbanization of population in major Chinese cities fueled by urban redevelopment, urban land reform and urban housing reform has fundamentally altered the jobs–housing spatial relation. The “spatial bond” that existed between urban jobs and urban housing for decades has dissolved and is being replaced by a prominent “spatial mismatch” when the jobs–housing relationship becomes increasingly imbalanced in space. This paper examines the new jobs–housing imbalance by assessing the extent of employment–residence spatial mismatch in Beijing. This analysis based on statistical data shows that the spatial imbalance between employment and population has become increasingly pronounced over time across urban districts. It is especially evident in the inner city where the loss of residents continues and the concentration of employment persists. The analysis of survey data, which focuses on people’s commuting patterns and travel behaviors, also provides strong evidence of spatial imbalance. Meanwhile, it reveals some of the impacts on job accessibility and other aspects of urban life. This study contributes to the understanding of how suburbanization has been unfolding in major Chinese cities and how it has been transforming urban development and urban life. It also adds to the understanding of the spatial dynamics of employment–housing relationship based on Beijing’s experience and sheds lights on the multifarious nature of the spatial mismatch problem.

[35]Weich S, Blanchard M, Prince M, et al.2002.

Mental health and the built environment: Cross-sectional survey of individual and contextual risk factors for depression

[J]. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(5): 428-433.

https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.428    URL     [本文引用: 1]    

[36]World Health Organization.1998.

Wellbeing measures in primary health care/the DEPCARE project: Report on a WHO meeting, Stockholm, Sweden

[R]. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO.

[本文引用: 1]    

[37]Yu H B, Shaw S L.2006.

Revisiting H?gerstrand’s time-geographic framework for individual activities in the age of instant access

[M]//Miller H J. Societies and cities in the age of instant access. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 88: 103-118.

[本文引用: 1]    

[38]Zhang W, Ta V M.2009.

Social connections, immigration-related factors, and self-rated physical and mental health among Asian Americans

[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12): 2104-2112.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.012    URL    PMID: 19427087     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

Abstract Focusing on Asian Americans, this study examines how self-rated physical and mental health depends on the layered social connections (including 4 types: family cohesion, relative support, friend support, and neighborhood cohesion), socioeconomic status, and immigration-related factors (including nativity, length of residence in the U.S., and proficiency of the English language). It draws on the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study, a nationally representative household survey of Latino and Asian Americans. Findings of this study include: (1) there are significant differences in self-rated physical health among Asian Americans of different national origin, but their self-rated physical health differences diminish after indicators of socioeconomic status and immigration-related factors are considered; (2) four types of social connections are all related to the self-rated physical and mental health of Asian Americans, but the patterns of the associations as well as the mechanisms linking the associations vary; and (3) family cohesion has independent and direct effects on both self-rated physical and mental health over and above controls and mediators, whereas the effects of other social connection measures are partially mediated by socioeconomic status and immigration-related factors. In sum, this study indicates the significant effects of social connections, socioeconomic status, and immigration-related factors on the self-rated physical and mental health of Asian Americans.

[39]Zhou Y X, Ma L J C.2000.

Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China

[J]. Urban Geography, 21(3): 205-236.

https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.21.3.205    URL     [本文引用: 1]    摘要

As in other countries, suburbanization in China occurred after the cities had experienced a period of sustained industrial and population growth. This study examines suburbanization in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian. As a result of economic restructuring, the urban core registered net population loss from 1982 to 1990 because of decentralization while the inner suburbs gained population. Among the forces driving suburbanization were marketization of urban land, the shift of industrial land to tertiary use, transportation improvement, the availability of foreign and domestic capital, housing rehabilitation in the city, and new housing construction in the suburbs. There were certain similarities but major differences between American and Chinese suburbanization. Unlike the current metropolitan landscape in the United States where suburban growth has given rise to a polycentric spatial structure, suburbanization in China is still at the incipient stage of development with suburbs dominated by central cities. The role of the state in China has been more direct and powerful in setting the suburbanization process in motion. [Key words: economic restructuring, decentralization, suburbanization, China.]

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