摘要: 真實、科學(xué)的食品健康聲稱是保護消費者安全保障權(quán)、知情權(quán)以及選擇權(quán)的重要體現(xiàn)，有助于引導(dǎo)消費者合理選擇食品，促進膳食營養(yǎng)平衡，也有利于推進健康中國建設(shè)，提高國民健康水平。作為最早對食品及天然健康產(chǎn)品健康聲稱有明確法律規(guī)定的國家之一，加拿大在健康聲稱的分類、使用及管理方面經(jīng)驗豐富。本文梳理了加拿大食品及天然健康產(chǎn)品的定義、健康聲稱的類型和管理要求，并針對我國食品健康聲稱的現(xiàn)狀得出分級管理保健食品保健功能聲稱，完善食品及保健食品聲稱的科學(xué)依據(jù)，鼓勵社會各方參與并科學(xué)認知營養(yǎng)聲稱等啟示，旨在為規(guī)范我國食品與保健食品的健康聲稱提供可借鑒素材。

Abstract: The authentic and scientific health claim of food is an important embodiment of protecting consumers' right to safety, information, and choice, which helping to guide consumers to make rational food choices and promote a balanced diet, as well as promoting the construction of a healthy China and improving national health. As one of the earliest countries to have clear legal provisions on health claims in food and natural health products, Canada has extensive experience in the classification, use, and management of health claims. This paper combs the definition of food and natural health products, types of health claims and management requirements in Canada, and proposes inspiration for the current situation of health claims of food products in China to get graded management of health function claims of health food products, improve the scientific basis of food and health food claims, and encourage the participation of all parties in society and scientific cognition of nutrition claims, etc., aiming to provide reference materials for the regulation of health claims of food and health food products in China. The aim is to provide reference materials for the regulation of health claims of food and health food in China.

圖  1   健康聲稱的類型

Figure  1.   Types of health claims

圖  2   確定食品健康聲稱類型的步驟

Figure  2.   Steps for determining the type of the food health claim

表  1   天然健康產(chǎn)品現(xiàn)代健康聲稱的類型

Table  1   Types of natural health products of modern health claims

聲稱分類定義舉例 健康狀態(tài)聲稱嚴重疾病/病癥聲稱需要治療的疾病/病癥或者在沒有有效治療的情況下會使人衰弱或危及生命的產(chǎn)品重大疾病/病癥聲稱對無法及時自然解決或具有潛在不良影響的疾病/病癥的產(chǎn)品，如果不及時進行適當(dāng)?shù)闹委熁蜃o理，可能會惡化或持續(xù)存在輕微疾病/病癥聲稱可自然解決或在建議的使用條件下產(chǎn)品的性能低于預(yù)期，不會對消費者構(gòu)成重大風(fēng)險健康作用聲稱診斷聲稱涉及疾病、病癥、異常身體狀態(tài)或其癥狀的診斷診斷糖尿病時檢測葡萄糖不耐受治療聲稱涉及治療或部分治療和減輕疾病、紊亂或異常的身體狀態(tài)或其癥狀癥狀緩解聲稱治愈聲稱描述了一種療效，可永久地或在相當(dāng)長的時間內(nèi)消除疾病、紊亂或異常的身體狀態(tài)降低風(fēng)險聲稱可顯著改變疾病或健康相關(guān)狀況的一個或多個主要風(fēng)險因素，降低風(fēng)險聲稱的表述應(yīng)確保消費者不將其理解為預(yù)防聲稱預(yù)防性聲稱預(yù)防聲稱與被證明能顯著降低疾病發(fā)病率的干預(yù)措施有關(guān)一般維護、支持和促進健康的聲稱某種藥用成分以維護、支持或促進健康的方式對人體結(jié)構(gòu)或生理功能的恢復(fù)、糾正或改變的效果保持健康的牙齦；減少牙齦線上的牙菌斑堆積抗氧化聲稱適用于含有至少一種具有抗氧化特性的藥物成分的產(chǎn)品為保持良好的健康提供抗氧化劑一般健康聲稱"來源/提供/含有"的聲稱"來源/提供/含有"的聲稱是一種事實陳述，用于識別產(chǎn)品中的某種成分或配料通過識別產(chǎn)品的成分/配料的來源來暗示對健康的益處，且不能是虛假的或有誤導(dǎo)性的纖維的來源；含有消化酶；提供非必需的氨基酸；碳水化合物的來源基于成分的聲稱許多NHPs的藥用成分本身就可以支持特定的健康聲稱，該成分的來源實現(xiàn)了標(biāo)準化，當(dāng)產(chǎn)品中所含的該成分達到一定數(shù)量便可根據(jù)該成分提出更具體的聲稱有助于維持視力、皮膚與黏膜和免疫功能維護良好健康的聲稱產(chǎn)品中含有必需的營養(yǎng)素，即可申請“維持良好健康”的聲稱，這些成分可以是分離的成分或組合的成分維生素x/礦物質(zhì)x的來源，以維持良好的健康狀況幫助/支持/維護/促進健康的一般聲稱"支持"和"維護"是通常指保持一個穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)，而"促進"通常意味著對狀態(tài)或條件的改善；低治療效果聲稱的限定詞“幫助”用于表明產(chǎn)品僅針對或治療疾病的一個/某些組成部分或預(yù)期的健康益處支持免疫系統(tǒng)；促進肝臟功能；支持認知功能；維護視力；支持葡萄糖代謝。基于作用機制的概括性聲稱當(dāng)證據(jù)中討論的臨床終點/標(biāo)志物不能清楚地識別或不易理解時，必須用概括聲稱以供普通消費者理解有助于降低血液中的C反應(yīng)蛋白水平緩解或解決低治療影響條件的一般聲稱適用于解決不太嚴重的情況（可自我診斷、自我治療和/或自我解決），可輕松判斷產(chǎn)品是否有效，這些聲稱可以以“幫助”為前綴緩解眼睛干燥；減少與普通感冒有關(guān)的癥狀降低低療效影響風(fēng)險的一般聲稱適用于預(yù)防不太嚴重的病癥（可自我診斷、自我治療和/或自我解決），可輕松判斷產(chǎn)品是否有效，這些聲稱通常以“有助于預(yù)防”或“降低風(fēng)險”為前綴有助于預(yù)防干眼癥；有助于防止瞌睡草藥醫(yī)學(xué)當(dāng)治療輕微病癥的主要支持來自于特定的醫(yī)學(xué)體系（例如草藥學(xué)）時，聲稱應(yīng)以“用于草藥”等范式作為前綴用在草藥中，幫助緩解胃部不適芳香療法—精油芳香療法是植物醫(yī)學(xué)的一個分支，它使用精油和其他揮發(fā)性/芳香植物提取物進行治療或達到藥效。這些類別的產(chǎn)品的一般聲稱是“用于芳香療法”或“芳香療法產(chǎn)品”僅在與其他治療方法結(jié)合使用時才有效的聲稱當(dāng)為支持聲稱而提供的臨床證據(jù)，表明產(chǎn)品僅在與活動或其他成分結(jié)合使用時才有效時，聲稱應(yīng)反映這些額外的要求當(dāng)與適量的鈣和維生素D一起使用時，有助于降低患骨質(zhì)疏松癥的風(fēng)險 [1] 田明, 孫璐, 李昱霏, 等. 基于國際經(jīng)驗探究中國保健食品原料管理研究[J]. 食品工業(yè)科技,2021,42(13):21?25. [TIAN Ming, SUN Lu, LI Yufei, et al. Research on raw material management for health food in China based on international experience[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry,2021,42(13):21?25. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2021030064 [2] 陳君石 . 預(yù)包裝食品營養(yǎng)標(biāo)識應(yīng)用與管理[M]. 北京: 人民衛(wèi)生出版社, 2016.

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