1.

(2017高二上·溫州月考) 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容的理解，選擇正確答案。

    Today, we know that the role of vitamins and minerals goes way beyond the prevention of deficiency diseases (維生素缺乏癥) to actually preventing cancer and heart disease, the most fearsome killers of our time. With this knowledge has come the widespread call for nutritional supplementation (營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充) — and a confusing group of vitamin, mineral, and supplements lining the supermarket shelves.

    Far from contributing to better health, however, nutritional supplements threaten to turn a scientific breakthrough into a nutritional disaster.

    Promoters of vitamins and minerals — especially vitamins A, C, and E— would have consumers believe that the little vitamin pill in the bottle is all they need for good health. Take your vitamins in the morning, and you're covered. It's okay to eat fast foods for the rest of the day or skip meals to achieve today's fashionably skinny look. But vitamins and minerals are only one part of the nutritional puzzle. A diet rich in fiber (纖維) and balanced in carbohydrates and protein is essential for good health. You can't get these things from a nutritional supplement. The focus on vitamin and mineral supplements may actually be robbing us of the full nutrition we seek.

    And no supplement can compare to the quality of nutrition found in natural sources. For example, our bodies turn carotenes (胡蘿卜素) from plant foods into vitamin A. Many supplements contain a single carotene, but natural sources are rich in many different carotenes. Many supplements contain a form of vitamin E that is made from chemicals, when natural vitamin E is more readily absorbed and used by the body. And science is still discovering the wealth of nutrients in foods.

    You'd be hard-pressed to find a supplement as nutritionally comprehensive and powerful as a balanced diet. Even if you could, you'd pay much more than if you got the same nutritional value from natural sources.

    But perhaps the greatest danger presented by nutritional supplements comes from the very real risks presented by self-medication. Anyone can walk into the market and buy as many different supplements as desired. The reported benefits of high dosages of certain nutrients have led some people to believe that the more the better. Many take several vitamin and mineral supplements without regard to possible consequences.

    Surprising new research suggests that vitamin C pills may speed up hardening of the arteries, the underlying cause of heart attacks. Researchers said their findings support the recommendations of health organizations, which urge people to avoid high doses of supplements and to get their nutrients from food instead.

    As appealing as they're made to sound, nutritional supplements are danger in disguise. If you're looking for good health, don't look on the supplement shelves of your supermarket. Look in the produce section instead.

（1）

What has given rise to the great need for nutritional supplements?

A . The knowledge of deficiency diseases. B . The low prices of nutritional supplements. C . The frighteningly high death rate from cancer and heart disease. D . The information about the role of vitamins and minerals in health.

（2）

The "promoters" (Paragraph 3) most probably refers to ________.

A . businessmen B . doctors C . scientists D . fast food lovers

（3）

According to the passage, nutritional supplements ________.

A . are made from chemicals B . are ineffective in supplying fiber C . provide too much vitamin C D . contain a kind of dangerous carotene

（4）

By describing nutritional supplements as "danger in disguise" in the last paragraph, the writer means that they are ________.

A . of little help B . of poor quality C . potentially harmful D . extremely poisonous

【知識點】

能力提升 真題演練 換一批

1.

閱讀理解

    A Californian man who was feeling sick almost died recently from a shocking cause.

    26-year-old Luis Ortiz went to a hospital because of a headache and nausea(惡心). When doctors examined him, they were shocked to find a tapeworm lava(絳蟲幼蟲)in his brain. The story got stranger. The larva was still alive.

    The creature had caused a cyst(囊腫)inside his head. The cyst was restricting the flow of liquids to different areas of his brain. The situation was so serious that doctors said they had to perform an emergency operation to remove the larva.

    A doctor who operated on Ortiz told him he had only 30 minutes to live. When the doctor pulled the worm out of his head, it was still moving.

    Luis Ortiz was a student at California State University in Sacramento. He began experiencing headaches in late August. But Ortiz said he did not think the headaches were serious.

    In September, he visited a friend and his parents in another city. That is when the pain got worse. His mother saw Ortiz throwing up and took him to a hospital emergency room

    The doctors saved Ortu's life. However, the surgery also affected him. Ortir had to drop out of school and move  back home. For now, he is not permitted to work or drive a vehicle.

    The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the U. S. has about 1,000 reported cases of tapeworms each year. The CDC adds that tapeworms are more common in developing countries with poor public health systems.

    The best way to avoid a tapeworm infection(感染)is to wash fruits and vegetables. Also, make sure meat is cooked thoroughly. The CDC suggests cooking all meat to an internal temperature of at least 63 degrees Celsius.

（1）

What caused Luis Ortiz to feel sick and headaches?

A . Dirty food eaten in August B . Travelling for a long way C . A living creature in his brain D . Uncooked meal eaten by him

（2）

If the doctors didn't have an emergency operation on him, Luis Ortiz was likely to ______.

A . die of cancer B . live for only half an hour C . finish studying in school D . pass the driving test

（3）

How should people avoid infecting tapeworms?

A . By washing fruits and vegetables B . By boiling plates and bowls before meals C . By cooking meat to at least 63oC outside D . By improving the development of economy

2.

閱讀理解

    People with an impulsive(沖動的)personality refer to those who tend to do things without considering the possible dangers or problems first. According to a new study by researchers at the University of Georgia, such people may be more likely to have food addiction. The study found that people exhibiting impulsive behavior weren't necessarily overweight, but impulsiveness was related to a direct relationship with food, and therefore, less healthy weight. Food addiction has been compared to addictive drug use. Studies have linked the dopamine (多巴胺)release that occurs after tasting delicious food to the dopamine release that happens when people consume other addictive substances.

    Impulsive behavior involves several personality traits(特點). Two of these traits, known as negative urgency and lack of perseverance, were particularly associated with food addiction and high BMI(身體質(zhì)量指數(shù))during the study. Negative urgency is characterized by the tendency to behave impulsively when experiencing negative emotions. Some people might drink alcohol or take drugs. For others, it could mean eating to feel better. Lack of perseverance is when a person has a hard time finishing hard or boring tasks. People with a lack of perseverance might have difficulty attempting to change addictive eating behavior, which could also cause obesity(肥胖). “Impulsiveness might be one reason why some people eat in an addictive way despite motivation to lose weight,” said Dr. Ashley Gearhardt, a clinical psychologist. He was involved in developing the Yale Food Addiction Scale in aid of those people. “We are theorizing that if food addiction is really a thing, then our measure, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, should be related to helping control impulsive action,” said Gearhardt.

    Clinical psychologist Dr. James MacKillop, whose lab was conducting the study, believes that therapies used to treat addictive drug behavior could help people who suffer from addictive eating habits.

    “Most of the programs for weight loss at this point focus on the most obvious things, which are clearly diet and exercise,” MacKillop said. “It seems that managing strong desires to eat would naturally fit in with the skills a person would need to eat healthily.”

（1）

How does the author introduce the two personality trains in paragraph 3?

A . By making comparisons and conclusions B . By explaining causes and effects C . By presenting questions and answers D . By giving definitions and examples

（2）

What can be inferred about the Yale Food Addiction Scale from the text?

A . It has been successfully carried out among overweight people B . It might help some impulsive people with food addiction to lose weight C . It will prove whether food addiction is a problem to impulsive people D . It is theoretically a proper treatment for addictive food and drug behavior

（3）

Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A . Dopamine release Caused by Food Addiction B . Food Addiction Compared to Drug Use C . Impulsive Personality Linked to Food Addition D . Food Addiction Contributing to Obesity

3.

閱讀理解

    Conventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time. In fact, a new study suggests that violence not only leaves long-term scars on children's bodies, but also changes their DNA, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.

    Scientists measured this by studying the ends of children's chromosomes (染色體), called telomeres (端粒), says Idan Shalev, lead author of a study published in Molecular Psychiatry.

    Telomeres are special DNA sequences (序列) which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating. They get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.

    Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.

    In this study, researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make children's telomeres shorten faster than normal. They interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5, 7 and 10, asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying. Researchers measured the children's telomeres-in cells obtained by wiping the insides of their cheeks-at ages 5 and 10.

    Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence, says Shalev. Unless that pattern changes, the study suggests, these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging, such as heart attacks or memory loss, seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.

    Shalev says there is hope for these kids. His study found that, in rare cases, telomeres can lengthen. Better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says.

    The study confirms a small but growing number of studies suggesting that early childhood a adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes, says Charles Nelson, a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at Harvard Medical School.

（1）

The new study found that

.

A . hardship can change a child's memory B . violence can speed up a child's aging C . violence leaves scars on a child's mind D . hardship has an effect on a child's mind

（2）

What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A . Telomeres. B . Children. C . Chromosomes. D . DNA sequences.

（3）

What can be inferred from the text?

A . Violence can cause quick cell death in children's body. B . Telomeres can help prevent chromosomes from separating. C . Children who have shorter telomeres have heart attacks later. D . Being treated badly will make a child's telomeres shorten faster.

（4）

What is the best title for the text?

A . Violence and Telomeres B . The Function of Telomeres C . Violence Makes Children Aging D . DNA Influences Children's Growth

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