摘要:正確的健康認(rèn)知是謀求健康和評(píng)價(jià)健康的基礎(chǔ)。系統(tǒng)回顧了“Wellness”健康概念、維度模型及測(cè)評(píng)方法，旨在豐富中國(guó)健康學(xué)理論體系，引導(dǎo)大眾樹(shù)立全面且可持續(xù)發(fā)展的健康觀念，以促進(jìn)人類(lèi)健康行為發(fā)展?！癢ellness”健康模型以“身體健康、情緒健康、精神健康”為核心層，“社交健康、職業(yè)健康、智能健康、財(cái)政健康”為中間層，“環(huán)境健康、文化健康”為最外層，九個(gè)維度的關(guān)系相輔相成、相互作用、相互影響。針對(duì)“Wellness”的測(cè)評(píng)方法以主觀評(píng)估為主、客觀測(cè)評(píng)為輔，且側(cè)重于健康模型核心層的評(píng)價(jià)。

Abstract:An accurate health perception is the foundation for seeking and assessing well-being. The study systematically reviewed the concept of wellness, the dimensional model, and assessment methods, with the aims to enrich the theoretical system of health science in China, and guide the public to establish a comprehensive and sustainable concept of wellness, so as to promote the development of human wellness behaviors. The "Wellness" health model takes "physical wellness, emotional wellness, and spiritual wellness" as the core layer, " social wellness, occupational wellness, intellectual wellness, and financial wellness" as the intermediate layer, and "environmental wellness, and cultural wellness" as the outermost layer. The nine dimensions of the model are mutually complementary, interacting, and influencing each other. "Wellness" is measured primarily by subjective evaluations, supplemented by objective tests, and focuses on the core layer of the health model.

圖 1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖

圖 2 “Wellness”健康維度模型

表 1 “Wellness”健康維度模型發(fā)展及演變

作者及年份 Wellness維度模型 Dunn (1959年)[4] 4-生理、認(rèn)知、精神、社交 Ardell (1977年)[24] 4-身體、情緒、社交、精神 Lafferty (1979年)[20] 5-身體、情緒、精神、社交、智能 Hettler (1976年)[25] 6-身體、情緒、精神、社交、職業(yè)、智能 Roscoe (2009年)[3] 7-身體、精神、情緒、社交、智能、職業(yè)、環(huán)境 Thompson (2012年)[26] 8-身體健康、精神性、關(guān)系維護(hù)、自尊、自我意識(shí)
與責(zé)任感、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防、持續(xù)性、醫(yī)療保健 Hoeger (2018年)[13]1 9-身體、情緒、精神、社交、智能、
文化、環(huán)境、財(cái)務(wù)、職業(yè)[1]

柯 鍵, 曾鐵英, 周 嫻, 等. 基于中醫(yī)文化的健康概念框架的構(gòu)建[J]. 中華護(hù)理教育, 2019, 16(5): 389-392. doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2019.05.017

[2]

姚 紅, 陳麗云. 身心靈全人健康理論對(duì)新冠疫情防控中健康社會(huì)工作實(shí)務(wù)的啟示[J]. 社會(huì)建設(shè), 2020, 7(3): 28-36.

[3]

ROSCOE L. Wellness: A Review of Theory and Measurement for Counselors[J]. J Couns Dev, 2009, 87(2): 216-226.

[4]

DUNN H L. High-level wellness for man and society[J]. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 1959, 49: 786-792. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.49.6.786

[5]

方進(jìn)隆. 體適能與健康[J]. 中華體育季刊, 1995(9): 62-69.

[6]

張 歡, 張方圓, 趙英娜, 等. 基于中華文化視野下的健康概念[J]. 中華護(hù)理雜志, 2015, 50(10): 1236-1239. doi: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2015.10.017

[7]

李 鵬, 趙永明, 葉卉悅. 康養(yǎng)旅游相關(guān)概念辨析與國(guó)際研究進(jìn)展[J]. 旅游論壇, 2020, 13(1): 69-81. doi: 10.15962/j.cnki.tourismforum.202001007

[8]

徐 斌. 從WHO的健康定義到安康(wellness)運(yùn)動(dòng): 健康維度的發(fā)展[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)與哲學(xué), 2001, 22(6): 53-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0772.2001.06.020

[9]

王 博. 身心康寧概念的歷史演變[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)與哲學(xué), 2013, 34(5A): 11-13.

[10]

倪紅梅, 何裕民, 吳艷萍, 等. 中西方健康概念演變史的探析及啟示[J]. 南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):社會(huì)科學(xué)版, 2014, 15(2): 79-83.

[11]

LIVKAMAL D. The Wellness Zone Your Guide for Optimal Wellness[M]. 13th ed. London: Medlar Publishing Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 2021: 5-15.

[12]

HOEGER W W K, HOEGER S A, CHERIE I H, et al. Lifetime physical Fitness & Wellness[M]. 6th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, Inc., 2019.

[13]

HOEGGR W W K, HOEGER S A, FAWASO N A L, et al. Fit & Well Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness[M]. 13th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2018.

[14]

SHERWOOD M, SHERWOOD N M. The Quest for Wellness: A Practical & Personal Wellness Plan for Optimum Health in Your Body, Mind, Emotions & Sprit[M]. Tulsa: Emerge Publishing, 2015: 1.

[15]

曾承志. 健康概念的歷史演進(jìn)及其解讀[J]. 北京體育大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2007(5): 618-619. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3612.2007.05.015

[16]

FULLEN M C. Defining Wellness in Older Adulthood: Toward a Comprehensive Framework[J]. J Couns Dev, 2019, 97(1): 62-74.

[17]

OLIVER M D, BALDWIN D, DATTA R S. Health to Wellness: A Review of Wellness Models and Transitioning Back to Health[J]. Int J Health Wellness Soc, 2018, 9(1): 41-56. doi: 10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v09i01/41-56

[18]

DIRECTOR D S, RICHARDSON P. The Relationship of Paper-and-Pencil Wellness Measures to Objective Physiological Indexes[J]. J Couns Dev, 1992, 71(2): 226-230. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02205.x

[19]

MYERS J E, SWEENEY T J, WITMER J M. The Wheel of Wellness Counseling for Wellness: A Holistic Model for Treatment Planning[J]. J Couns Dev, 2000, 78(3): 251-266. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x

[20]

LAFFERTY J. A Credo for Wellness[J]. Health Education, 1979, 10(5): 10-11. doi: 10.1080/00970050.1979.10619163

[21]

BEZNER J R. Promoting health and wellness: implications for physical therapist practice[J]. Phys Ther, 2015, 95: 1433-1444. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140271

[22]

TONYA L S, MARNIE D, MARITZA J, et al. Wellness Lifestyles I: A Theoretical Framework Linking Wellness, Health Lifestyles, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine[J]. J Alt Comp Med, 2004, 10(2): 349-356. doi: 10.1089/107555304323062347

[23]

Anon. Wellness[EB/OL]. (2022-05-10)[2023-07-15]. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wellness.

[24]

ARDELL D B. High Level Wellness Strategies[J]. Health Educ, 1977, 8(4): 2. doi: 10.1080/00970050.1977.10618258

[25]

HETTLER B. The Six Dimensions of Wellness[EB/OL]. [2023-05-10]. http://www.hettler.com/sixdimen.htm.

[26]

THOMPSON H J, DEMIRIS G, RUE T, et al. A Holistic Wellness Assessment for Young Adults: Psychometric Analysis[J]. J Holist Nuts, 2012, 30(4): 235-243.

[27]

MYERS J, TRULUCK M. Health beliefs, religious values, and the counseling process: A comparison of counselors and other mental health professionals[J]. Couns Values, 1998, 42(2): 106-123. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.1998.tb00416.x

[28]

HEY W, CALDERON K, CARROLL H. Use of body-mind-spirit dimensions for the development of a wellness behavior and characteristic inventory for college students[J]. Health Promot Pract, 2006, 7(1): 125-133. doi: 10.1177/1524839904268525

[29]

BART R. The Assessment and Measurement of Wellness in the Clinical Medical Setting: A Systematic Review[J]. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 2018, 9(15): 14-23.

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