摘要:

隨著城市居民對食品安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)的日益關(guān)注, 都市型有機(jī)種植業(yè)近年來得到了快速發(fā)展。明確都市型有機(jī)種植業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和環(huán)境影響, 對有機(jī)種植業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。本研究以北京市有機(jī)種植業(yè)(水果、蔬菜、薯類及薯芋類、堅果和谷物)為研究對象, 基于農(nóng)場調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù), 采用成本效益分析和生命周期評價(LCA)方法, 分別分析了有機(jī)作物生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及其環(huán)境影響。本研究結(jié)果表明, 相比常規(guī)種植, 5種作物的有機(jī)種植降低了農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量。不同作物之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境表現(xiàn)存在較大差異。有機(jī)生產(chǎn)成本投入較高, 盡管有機(jī)種植增加了作物利潤, 但是其成本利潤率卻低于其對應(yīng)的常規(guī)對照。相比常規(guī)種植, 有機(jī)種植降低了環(huán)境影響水平(LCA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化結(jié)果), 各作物的減少幅度依次為谷物>薯類及薯芋類>水果>蔬菜=堅果?？紤]到糧食安全(常規(guī)種植與有機(jī)種植的產(chǎn)量差)、消費者負(fù)擔(dān)能力(常規(guī)種植與有機(jī)種植的價格差)以及有機(jī)生產(chǎn)減少環(huán)境影響的幅度(常規(guī)種植與有機(jī)種植的LCA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化結(jié)果差), 政府應(yīng)對有機(jī)谷物生產(chǎn)加大補(bǔ)貼力度。北京市有機(jī)種植業(yè)仍具有較大發(fā)展?jié)摿? 政府應(yīng)針對有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)制定相應(yīng)補(bǔ)償政策, 從而激勵有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

Abstract:

With growing concerns among urban residents about food safety and environmental protection, the urban organic farming sector has experienced rapid development in recent years. It is crucial to assess the current status, economic benefits, and environmental impacts of urban organic farming to ensure its sustainable growth. In this study, we analyzed the economic benefits and environmental impacts of organic crop production in Beijing suburb using farm survey data with cost-benefit analysis, and life cycle assessment (LCA). The study revealed that organic cultivation of five types of crops resulted in lower crop yields compared to conventional methods. Variations in economic and environmental performances were notable across different crop types. Although organic farming tended to increase crop profit due to higher price premium, the profit margin remained lower compared to conventional farming. Specifically, organic cultivation significantly reduced environmental impacts as indicated by the LCA standardized value, with the order of reductions observed in cereals > potatoes and tubers > fruits > vegetables = nuts. Given considerations of food security (yield differentials), consumer affordability (price premium), and environmental impact reductions (LCA standardized value), the study recommends increasing government subsidies for organic grains production. The development of organic farming in Beijing still has great potential, and the government should formulate corresponding compensation policies for organic agriculture to stimulate its further development.

圖  1   研究區(qū)域與樣本分布示意圖

Figure  1.   Schematic diagram of the study area and sample distribution

圖  2   有機(jī)種植系統(tǒng)的生命周期評價系統(tǒng)邊界

Figure  2.   Life Cycle Assessment system boundaries of organic cropping

圖  3   2021年北京市不同作物類型有機(jī)種植總面積及總產(chǎn)量

Figure  3.   Total area and yield of different organic crops in Beijing in 2021

圖  4   2021年北京市不同作物生產(chǎn)成本及其構(gòu)成

Figure  4.   Production cost and its compositions of different crops in Beijing in 2021

圖  5   2019—2021年北京市有機(jī)作物生產(chǎn)面積和產(chǎn)量變化趨勢

Figure  5.   Trends of organic crop area and yield in Beijing from 2019 to 2021

表  1   2021年北京市主要作物類型有機(jī)種植面積、產(chǎn)量及其占該作物有機(jī)和常規(guī)種植總量的比例

Table  1   Total areas and yields of major organic crops and their proportions to the total of the corresponding crop under organic and conventional cropping system in Beijing in 2021

有機(jī)作物類型
Organic crop type種植面積 Planting area產(chǎn)量 Yield總面積
Total area (hm2)占比
Proportion (%)總產(chǎn)量
Total yield (t)占比
Proportion (%) 有機(jī)堅果 Organic nuts5734.351.028469.7有機(jī)水果 Organic fruits3277.98.3ield vegetable production[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 263 (Pt A): 114552

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