摘要:隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，礦業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一系列環(huán)境問(wèn)題引起國(guó)內(nèi)外的廣泛關(guān)注，其中采礦過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的酸性礦山廢水(acid mine drainage, AMD)問(wèn)題尤為突出。AMD會(huì)導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)酸化、土壤重金屬污染以及植物枯萎死亡等問(wèn)題。因此，如何對(duì)AMD進(jìn)行有效處理已成為環(huán)境治理的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題?，F(xiàn)有的AMD處理方法主要包括中和法、人工濕地法和微生物法，但這些方法大多存在后續(xù)管理難、維護(hù)成本高、處理濃度低等問(wèn)題。相比之下，生物炭技術(shù)因原料成本低、制備簡(jiǎn)便且原材料來(lái)源廣泛等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被廣泛應(yīng)用于環(huán)境修復(fù)領(lǐng)域。近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外已有關(guān)于利用生物炭技術(shù)處理AMD的研究報(bào)道，但其處理機(jī)制尚不清楚，許多研究還停留在實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段，尚未形成規(guī)模化的應(yīng)用模式。因此，本文首先對(duì)AMD的特征及其常用處理方法進(jìn)行了概述，并介紹了生物炭的常規(guī)制備方法及理化性質(zhì)表征，對(duì)生物炭處理AMD的影響因素、處理效果及其機(jī)理進(jìn)行了綜述，最后對(duì)生物炭技術(shù)在處理AMD方面的研究與應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了展望。

Abstract:With the rapid development of society and economy, a series of environmental problems in mining development have attracted wide attention all over the world, especially the acid mine drainage (AMD) issue. AMD can cause a series of ecological environment problems, such as water acidification, soil contamination with heavy metals, and plant wilting and apoptosis. Therefore, the treatment of AMD has become the focus of environmental governance. The current disposal methods of AMD mainly include neutralization method, constructed wetland method and microbial method. However, most of these treatment methods have the problems of difficult follow-up management, high maintenance cost and low treatment concentration. In contrast, biochar technology has been widely used in the field of environmental remediation due to its advantages such as low cost, easy preparation and wide source of raw materials. In recent years, there have been some reports on the treatment of AMD with biochar technology, but the treatment mechanism is still unclear, and many studies are still in its infancy, which has not yet formed a large-scale application model. Therefore, in this paper, the characteristics of AMD and its common treatment methods are summarized, the conventional preparation methods and physicochemical properties of biochar are introduced, the influencing factors, effect and mechanism of biochar treatment of AMD are reviewed. Finally the prospect of the research and application of biochar in AMD treatment is proposed.

圖 1 AMD的常用處理方法

Figure 1. Common treatments for AMD

圖 2 生物炭的制備方法及其應(yīng)用

Figure 2. Preparation of biochar and its application

圖 3 生物炭對(duì)AMD中不同重金屬離子的吸附機(jī)理

Figure 3. Adsorption mechanism of biochar on different heavy metal ions in AMD

表 1 AMD各種處理方法優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)比較

Table 1. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various AMD processing methods

處理方法

Processing methods

優(yōu)點(diǎn)

Advantages

缺點(diǎn)

Disadvantages

微生物燃料電池技術(shù)原料來(lái)源廣、溫和高效能耗大、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用高、設(shè)備要求高物理化學(xué)法離子去除率高對(duì)吸附材料膜的性能要求較高，運(yùn)行成本偏高，對(duì)水體、溫度、停留時(shí)間等要求高微生物法簡(jiǎn)單易行、成本低廉、環(huán)境友好、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、不會(huì)發(fā)生二次污染操作環(huán)境不易控制
人工濕地法環(huán)境友好、處理效果好、成本低、
不會(huì)發(fā)生二次污染占地面積大、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、各種作用難以控制
電化學(xué)法清潔的去除方式、效率高、占地少、
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