Stall Living or Turn-Out Living – Which One is the Best Life for Your Horse 圈養(yǎng)和遛馬——怎樣更有益于馬的健康

WHY
“My horse stays nice and clean in his stall, and his coat looks great. He doesn’t get chewed-up by other horses, I never have to walk out in the rain or snow to bring him in, and his shoes stay on most of the time. I could turn my horse out, but why should I?”
“我的馬生活在漂亮干凈的馬廄中，它的毛發(fā)看起來(lái)非常漂亮，它不會(huì)被別的馬咬傷，它不用遭受風(fēng)雨雪的洗刷，它一直都釘有馬蹄鐵。即便我有足夠的場(chǎng)地遛馬，但，為什么我非遛馬不可呢？”

Dr.K
This is a common reply when I ask horse owners in China why their horses live in a stall all day, every day, week after week, month after month and year after year. It is so boring and unhealthy for the horses mind and body!
通常當(dāng)我問(wèn)道中國(guó)馬主為什么他們的馬被圈養(yǎng)沒(méi)有任何被遛馬的機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)，這是我聽(tīng)到的最普遍的回復(fù)。馬日復(fù)一日，周復(fù)一周，月復(fù)一月，年復(fù)一年的禁錮在馬廄中??這樣的生活不但無(wú)趣，對(duì)馬的身心也非常的不健康。Many horses live indoors except for a few hours of exercise each week, and most have adapted well to this life. However, it can’t be said that such a lifestyle is natural. Most large farm animals—cows, sheep, goats, pigs—are outside a most of the time. Horses are the only large species commonly managed as indoor animals. Horses have become “companion animals” just like cats and dogs except that they do not share our space at home. We put them in an equestrian center and create a little square apartment for them.
很多生活在馬廄中的馬每周只能得到那么幾個(gè)小時(shí)的“放風(fēng)”時(shí)間，雖然它們中的大部分能適應(yīng)這樣的生活，但這并不意味著這種方式能被稱之為“自然”。大部分大型牲畜型動(dòng)物，牛，綿陽(yáng)，山羊，豬，都更適應(yīng)戶外生活。馬是唯一一種大型的能適應(yīng)圈養(yǎng)生活的動(dòng)物。馬和貓，狗一樣，逐漸成為寵物型動(dòng)物，不過(guò)它們的體型大了“一點(diǎn)”，未必能適應(yīng)我們屋內(nèi)的空間。于是乎，我們 將它們放進(jìn)我們精心打造的，四四方方的“公寓”里。

Most arguments for keeping a horse in his stall can be placed in the “easier for the owner” category. Few, if any, fall into the “better for the horse” category. Horses are nomads. In the natural environment they roam over 8 to 26 kilometers per day. They graze little and often for 16 to 20 hours per day eating low-quality, high fibre feeds, namely grass. There is nothing natural about living in a little box-like apartment.
把馬放在馬廄中最常見(jiàn)的理由是“方便馬主”。然而，幾乎沒(méi)有人想過(guò)要“如何為馬創(chuàng)造更好的環(huán)境”。馬是適應(yīng)游牧環(huán)境的動(dòng)物，在自然環(huán)境中，它們每天會(huì)“散步”8－26km，在這期間時(shí)不時(shí)的吃點(diǎn)低脂高纖維的草，時(shí)間加起來(lái)有16－20個(gè)小時(shí)。圈養(yǎng)——讓馬生活在一個(gè)小盒子里，根本稱不上健康自然。馬是適應(yīng)游牧環(huán)境的動(dòng)物，在自然環(huán)境中，它們每天會(huì)“散步”8－26km，他們每天時(shí)不時(shí)的吃點(diǎn)低脂高纖維的草，時(shí)間加起來(lái)有16－20個(gè)小時(shí)。圈養(yǎng)－讓馬生活在小盒子里，根本稱不上健康自然。
那么，讓我們來(lái)看看遛馬能給馬帶來(lái)的好處，需要注意的危險(xiǎn)事宜，以及如何盡量避免危險(xiǎn)。肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng) Musculoskeletal system.
It’s natural for horses to move as they graze and interact with their fellow herd members. They can cover a surprising distance during a day of moving from one choice patch of grass to another, even without the occasional top-speed, watch-me-buck run around the paddock. For young horses, research shows that free exercise contributes to the development of a strong skeleton. For older horses, the constant movement encouraged by turnout helps to prevent the stiffness and oedema in the lower leg that are common when horses stand in their stalls for long periods.
對(duì)習(xí)慣跟著同伴們一起走走停停吃吃早的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，運(yùn)動(dòng)是再自然不過(guò)的事情了。它們每天從一片草地，走到另一片草地，散步能走的路程之遠(yuǎn)，即使不算上它們?nèi)俦寂埽荏@而狂奔的里程，即便只是悠閑漫步，起里程也能讓你大吃一驚的。 研究顯示，能自由自在運(yùn)動(dòng)的年輕的馬能有更強(qiáng)壯的骨骼。對(duì)年老的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，持續(xù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，遛馬能幫助它們幫它們強(qiáng)健骨骼， 減少浮腫，而骨質(zhì)疏松，浮腫正是長(zhǎng)期生活在馬廄中的馬最常遇到的問(wèn)題。馬群的社交和壓力 Socialization and stress
Horses are highly social animals, and many horses find it hard to relax if they can’t be with, or at least see, one or more other horses. Some horses are reluctant to lie down in a stall; maybe they feel they cannot watch out for predators, or possibly they feel the space is too cramped.
馬是高度社會(huì)化的動(dòng)物，很多馬在不能看到至少一匹馬，或不能和馬群同伴在一起時(shí)，它們會(huì)變的很難放松。有的馬不愿意在馬廄中躺下，這或許因?yàn)轳R廄中它們看不到周?chē)沫h(huán)節(jié)，不能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能出現(xiàn)捕食者，也可能是它們感覺(jué)馬廄中空間太狹小。They are prey animals ( i.e. in ancient times they were food for other animals) and their instincts are still very strong. If they are frightened the first reaction is to run away, then stop and look to see if they should keep running or go back to grazing happily with their friends. In a stall they cannot run away and will experience a level of stress as their natural defense mechanism is removed. In addition, they may do the opposite of “flight” and if they are frightened react aggressively and “fight”.
馬是食物鏈中的獵物（例如，在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期，它們是它們就是許多動(dòng)物捕食的目標(biāo)），它們的本能反應(yīng)非常強(qiáng)。如果它們受到驚嚇，那么它們做出的第一個(gè)反應(yīng)就是逃跑，跑到一定距離后才停下來(lái)觀察，看是接著跑呢，還是回去繼續(xù)和同伴快樂(lè)的吃草。然而在馬廄中，它們卻無(wú)處可跑，在它們天然的防御機(jī)制被阻斷時(shí)，馬會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定程度的精神壓力。此外，當(dāng)它們的逃跑反應(yīng)被激發(fā)時(shí)，它們可能做出與逃跑相反的行為—變得具有攻擊性，開(kāi)啟“戰(zhàn)斗”反應(yīng)。Youngsters turned out in a group learn good manners and social order from the older horses. The respect taught by senior horses will make your trainer’s job easier because the young horse will already have learned that submission to authority is sometimes required. It will also make the horse safer in an environment where many horses are interacting with humans.
年輕的馬同馬群一起被遛時(shí)，能跟著馬群年紀(jì)大的馬學(xué)習(xí)好的行為習(xí)慣，馬群次序。從“馬前輩”那學(xué)到的“尊重上級(jí)”的能讓馬匹訓(xùn)練師的工作更容易，因?yàn)檎{(diào)教需要它們學(xué)會(huì)要“尊重，恭順于權(quán)威”。這也能幫助馬適應(yīng)人馬互動(dòng)的環(huán)境。

日糧和消化系統(tǒng) Diet and digestive function.
A horse’s stomach produces gastric acid constantly. Large amounts of saliva buffer this acid, but saliva is produced only when the horse is chewing and swallowing. In the natural world horses eat a few bites in one place then walk a few paces and eat a few more bites of grass. This can go on for 18 hours every day which creates a functional normal digestive tract.
馬的胃不斷分泌胃酸，大量的堿性唾液才能中和胃酸，然而，唾液只有在馬匹咀嚼和吞咽時(shí)才產(chǎn)生。在自然環(huán)境中，馬在一片草地上吃一會(huì)草，走動(dòng)一會(huì)到另一片草地吃草，這樣的時(shí)間加起來(lái)每天有18個(gè)小時(shí)，這構(gòu)成了其消化系統(tǒng)的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)制。

In contrast, after finishing their hay, stalled horses may spend hours before another flake is supplied, and unbuffered acid can quickly lead to the gastric ulcers that plague many barn dwellers. Grazing keeps a near-constant supply of roughage moving through the stomach, preventing ulceration and providing fiber that is essential to intestinal function. Horses with ulcers will be difficult to keep in good condition, may get colic frequently, refuse to eat their food, have a poor quality hair coat, be difficult to girth up tightly and not perform as well as they should. In short, they are in constant pain.
與之相反，馬廄中的馬吃完草料后，要幾個(gè)小時(shí)后才后有下一次進(jìn)食。沒(méi)有被中和的胃酸會(huì)迅速導(dǎo)致胃潰瘍。Grazing（時(shí)不時(shí)的吃草）讓唾液和粗纖維能不斷的通過(guò)胃部，預(yù)防胃潰瘍，同時(shí)為腸道功能提供必不可少的纖維?；己梦笣兊鸟R很難保持好的體況（關(guān)于體況，請(qǐng)看前期關(guān)于體況指數(shù)的文章），可能會(huì)時(shí)常患腹絞痛，拒絕進(jìn)食，毛發(fā)質(zhì)量不好，運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)也達(dá)不到它們應(yīng)該達(dá)到的水平。簡(jiǎn)言之，它們處于持續(xù)不斷的病痛中。受傷與表現(xiàn) Injuries and appearance.
Turned out one at a time, horses tend to get a few scratches and scrapes. Turned out with a few horse friends, they may suffer some kicks and bites. Most are not serious, but if it’s important to have your horse’s coat looking perfect, turning out must be managed well. Lots of exposure to the sun results in some bleaching and dulling of the horse’s coat, a consequence that can be avoided by turning out only at night. This is usually impractical in an equestrian club with many horses and a feeding programme that relies on horses being in the stalls each evening for the evening feeding routine.
遛馬時(shí)每次遛一匹馬。馬喜歡相互撓癢。同時(shí)遛幾匹馬，它們可能會(huì)相互踢咬。大多數(shù)情況下它們是在鬧著玩，但是，保證馬的皮毛看起來(lái)完美無(wú)損非常重要，因此遛馬時(shí)一定要妥善的管理。大量的日照會(huì)讓馬毛變得黯淡無(wú)光，要避免這種情況的其中一個(gè)方法是將遛馬的時(shí)間安排在晚上。然而，這對(duì)有很多馬匹的馬術(shù)中心來(lái)說(shuō)太不切實(shí)際了，比如在晚上遛馬會(huì)影響晚上喂馬的時(shí)間。

If you are worried about how clean your horse is then be prepared for more grooming when you give your horse pasture turnout. Pastured horses will pick up everything from minor grass stains to impressive whole-body mud packs when they roll, so brushing and grooming may take quite a bit longer. Daily shampooing is the most destructive thing you can do to your horses coat. The horse has a natural flora which is essential to maintaining healthy coat and skin. Stripping out the natural oils and healthy bacteria on the skin will create the idea environment for disease. No more than once a month shampooing for optimum coat health. Do not use anything but a gentle horse shampoo. Harsh detergent or cheap human shampoo is not recommended for a healthy horse coat.
如果你擔(dān)心馬毛是否干凈，那么你去圍場(chǎng)遛馬時(shí)得安排更多“grooming”（刷馬毛）的時(shí)間。馬在圍場(chǎng)里喜歡滿地打滾，蹭到草漬甚至蹭的滿身是泥。刷馬毛的時(shí)間可能會(huì)因此而更長(zhǎng)了。然而每天用“馬毛洗發(fā)水”對(duì)馬毛來(lái)說(shuō)卻有破壞性的損害，不利于保持馬毛的健康和皮膚的健康。因?yàn)轳R毛發(fā)中含有的物質(zhì)具有至關(guān)重要的保護(hù)性作用。通過(guò)洗發(fā)水清洗馬毛的同時(shí)也會(huì)清洗掉這些自然分泌的油及健康物質(zhì)，甚至?xí)榧?xì)菌和疾病的溫床。若想保證馬毛處于最健康的狀態(tài)，那么每個(gè)月最多只能用洗發(fā)水清洗馬毛一次。并且應(yīng)該選擇最溫和的洗發(fā)水。若想保證馬毛的健康，不建議使用含有強(qiáng)烈清潔成分的（Harsh detergent）洗發(fā)水或便宜的給人用的洗發(fā)水。馬蹄和馬蹄鐵 Hooves and shoes
Stalling is not a guarantee that your horse won’t pull off a shoe, although it’s true that thrown shoes are easier to find in a stall than in the field. Pastured horses feet will encounter some mud and wet grass; stalled horses spend part of each day standing in contact with urine and manure. It is far healthier for the foot to be exercised by walking around a turnout all day than to be still standing in a stall. The “frog” acts as a pump to help push blood and lymph back up the horses leg with each step. Long periods of standing still will often result in swelling of the horses legs. Obviously standing in urine or manure, which is rich in ammonia and bacteria, will create an unhealthy environment for the foot and predispose the horses’ feet to fungal infections and possibly growth abnormalities.
被圈養(yǎng)的馬也存在馬蹄鐵可能會(huì)脫落的情況，盡管馬廄中相對(duì)與圍場(chǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)，掉落的馬蹄鐵更容易被找到。在圍場(chǎng)中，馬蹄會(huì)沾到泥土和濕潤(rùn)的草，而在馬廄中的馬，其馬蹄每天不可避免的會(huì)占到尿液和糞便。對(duì)馬來(lái)說(shuō)，能在圍場(chǎng)中運(yùn)動(dòng)，走動(dòng)，比每天長(zhǎng)時(shí)間站在馬廄中來(lái)說(shuō)更健康。馬在走動(dòng)過(guò)程中，蹄叉能幫助血液和淋巴液返回到腿步。每天長(zhǎng)時(shí)間站著不動(dòng)，則容易導(dǎo)致馬蹄浮腫。而站在充滿氨和細(xì)菌的尿液和糞便中，對(duì)馬蹄來(lái)說(shuō)非常不健康的環(huán)境，容易誘發(fā)馬蹄出現(xiàn)霉菌性感染的情況甚至引發(fā)畸變。

As long as their feet are in reasonable condition and regular trimmings are scheduled, barefoot horses don’t have major problems in the pasture except for the brief period of tenderness that is natural right after shoes are removed.
只要它們的馬蹄處于健康合理的環(huán)境，并被定期修蹄，沒(méi)有釘蹄的馬在圍場(chǎng)不會(huì)遇到什么大問(wèn)題，而馬蹄鐵被取掉后在一個(gè)很短的時(shí)期內(nèi)，馬蹄會(huì)有輕微的疼痛是屬于正常情況。體重 Weight
For thin horses or those recovering from illness, fresh grass provides a steady supply of calories and is more appealing to horses who are feeling unwell than dry hay. For overweight horses, free movement in the pasture tends to burn more energy than spending the same number of hours in a stall.
對(duì)體型偏瘦的馬以及正從傷病中逐漸恢復(fù)的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，新鮮的草相對(duì)于干草來(lái)說(shuō)，不但更能給馬提供穩(wěn)定的卡路里，且味道更可口。對(duì)于體況偏胖的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，在牧場(chǎng)自由奔跑也更利于它們消耗能量。行為 Behavior
Stalled horses may be jumping with energy and excitement when they are taken out for their daily exercise. Pastured horses, having expended some energy in free movement, will often be quieter to ride or work. School horses will be more familiar with strange sights and sounds if they have spent time outside, and they are likely to be more balanced when negotiating uneven ground if they have encountered natural terrain in the field.
生活在馬廄中的馬可能會(huì)因?yàn)榧?dòng)或者精力過(guò)剩而在遛馬期間喜歡揚(yáng)蹄跳躍。而生活在圍場(chǎng)中的馬因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)能自由活動(dòng)，因此會(huì)更安靜，更容易騎。培訓(xùn)用馬在圍場(chǎng)時(shí)，會(huì)不那么容易受到陌生聲音會(huì)物品的驚嚇。同時(shí)它們的適應(yīng)路面不平的場(chǎng)地時(shí)的協(xié)調(diào)能力會(huì)更好。

Most importantly, pastured horses are less likely to develop habits like weaving, pawing, kicking, and stall walking, behaviors thought to result from boredom and stress related to solitary confinement. We humans also develop psychological disorders when placed in solitary confinement. It is an animal welfare consideration that is gaining more attention. If we wish our horses to perform as Olympic athletes why are we housing them like prisoners? We seek a happy medium where mental stimuli and physical well-being of the animal can be balanced against our need for convenience.
更重要的是，在圍場(chǎng)的馬相對(duì)于在圍場(chǎng)圈養(yǎng)的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，更不容易出現(xiàn)搖頭，踢人，stall walking等因?yàn)樵隈R廄中無(wú)聊和緊張而產(chǎn)生的行為。我們?nèi)祟?lèi)被放到禁閉的環(huán)境中時(shí)同樣也會(huì)出現(xiàn)心理障礙。從動(dòng)物福利的角度考慮，我們應(yīng)該對(duì)馬匹有更多的關(guān)注。如果我們希望我們的馬有奧運(yùn)選手一樣的表現(xiàn)，我們?nèi)绾文苋缤瑢?duì)待囚犯一樣對(duì)待它們呢？對(duì)動(dòng)物的身心健康的關(guān)注其實(shí)同我們對(duì)它們的需求之間是能達(dá)到一個(gè)平衡的。總 結(jié)
Providing as much turnout as possible can offer significant advantages over stall life.  In my experience, almost 90% of the problems that I treat are related to a lack of exercise. Turnout, the most natural type of exercise, is probably the easiest way to enhance your horse’s quality of life.
盡可能多的遛馬，能對(duì)馬廄中的馬帶來(lái)無(wú)可衡量的好處。根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我所治療過(guò)的馬中，有90％的問(wèn)題誘因是缺乏鍛煉。遛馬，對(duì)馬來(lái)說(shuō)最自然的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，或許是保證馬匹的健康生活的最簡(jiǎn)單的方式。

遛 種 公 馬

許多種公馬會(huì)出現(xiàn)在圍欄前來(lái)回跑動(dòng)的行為數(shù)小時(shí)，數(shù)天，數(shù)周的情況。它們會(huì)因此體重大幅降低，太不安定而不能被騎。如果圍欄設(shè)計(jì)，安裝的不合理，它們可能會(huì)很容易弄傷自己。If you build two turnout areas and put your stallion on one side and another horse on the other side they will both get hurt. One will try and bite or kick the other at some point and they will crash through the fence and get all cut and damaged. If people try and run in and stop them someone can easily be hurt.
如果你建設(shè)兩個(gè)遛馬圍場(chǎng)，將一匹種公馬放到一個(gè)圍場(chǎng)，另一匹種公馬放到另一個(gè)圍欄種，它們可能會(huì)因此受傷。隔著圍欄其中一匹可能突然會(huì)試著踢咬另一匹種公馬，它們可能會(huì)撞傷圍欄，因此被割傷，甚至受到致命傷害。如果人們沖進(jìn)馬場(chǎng)試著阻止它們，人可能會(huì)因此受傷。Not all stallions can be kept in paddock turnout. Some like to live in a paddock with a horse friend they know very well, others will chase a second horse until it crashes through the fence and gets hurt. Stallions are territorial animals, the paddock belongs to them and they will chase anything (including humans) who come into the paddock or yard.
不是所有的種公馬適合去圍場(chǎng)遛馬。有一些馬喜歡和熟悉的馬群生活在圍場(chǎng)，有些可能會(huì)追逐驅(qū)趕別的馬直到對(duì)方撞進(jìn)圍欄受傷為止。種公馬是攻擊性很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)物，它們是圍場(chǎng)的主人，它們會(huì)驅(qū)逐任何“入侵”它們領(lǐng)地的動(dòng)物甚至人。遛馬圍場(chǎng)的重要性和注意事項(xiàng)The size of the paddock also makes a big difference to its safety as does rounded versus 90 degree corners. There are a few rules with regard to turn out fences:
圍場(chǎng)的大小對(duì)馬的安全來(lái)說(shuō)也非常重要。太小的圍場(chǎng)要注意不要有小于90度的夾角出現(xiàn)。下面是一些遛馬圍場(chǎng)的修建注意事項(xiàng)：1.  All horse paddocks must be constructed with lane ways in between.
所有馬圍場(chǎng)相互之間必須要有做為隔斷的間隔小道
  
2. All horse paddock management must be done correctly, manure picked up every day and any breaks in the fences fixed immediately.
所有的馬圍欄必須被正確的設(shè)計(jì)修建。糞便必須及時(shí)清理，損壞之處必須立刻修復(fù)

3. All paddocks should have a safe waterer, lockable gate and a salt block.
所有的圍場(chǎng)必須有安全的經(jīng)過(guò)防水處理的，能安全上鎖的門(mén)

4. Ideally the fence should be highly visible.
圍欄的對(duì)馬來(lái)說(shuō)的能見(jiàn)度必須要高5. The traditional horse fences are constructed with wooden post and rail with additional electric fencing to make sure the horses respect the fence. There are now modern alternatives which are far easier to construct like the Magnum Pasture Rail fencing system.
傳統(tǒng)的馬圍欄是由木樁和軌道型木板制作的，加上帶電的圍欄，能確保馬“尊重”圍欄。現(xiàn)代更科學(xué)的圍欄方案是Magnum圍場(chǎng)圍欄，能使得安裝更容易。These are a few rules if you keep stallions. If you do not obey the rules you will be putting your horse in danger.
這只是對(duì)于種公馬來(lái)說(shuō)非常基礎(chǔ)的一些注意事項(xiàng)。如不遵守，那么可能置你的馬于不安全的環(huán)境中。總 結(jié)
In conclusion, complete turnout with free grazing is hard to manage in most Chinese equestrian centres. In these cases I would recommend the installation of a top-quality horse walker. These machines have a roof to protect the horses from sun and rain and a rubberized track to walk on for hoof protection. They can be set at a slow walking speed and up to 10 or 12 horses can be walked together which gives the horses social interaction whilst quietly walking. The benefits are obvious; the horses can get natural walking exercise in all weather conditions. Only one person is needed to exercise 12 horses at once. In very large equestrian centres there is opportunity for every horse to get exercised everyday without a rider.
綜上所述，讓馬在圍場(chǎng)自由的吃草運(yùn)動(dòng)，對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)的馬術(shù)中心來(lái)不太實(shí)際。這種情況下，我會(huì)建議選擇安全，質(zhì)量最好的遛馬機(jī)。這些機(jī)器帶有屋頂，能保護(hù)馬不受風(fēng)吹雨打日曬，橡膠地板能保證馬蹄的安全。遛馬機(jī)能設(shè)定運(yùn)動(dòng)速度的快慢，10－12匹馬能在同一時(shí)間被遛，這讓馬在得到高質(zhì)量運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí)有一個(gè)互動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)，其好處是顯而易見(jiàn)的：無(wú)論天氣如何馬都能得到適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)。一個(gè)人就能同時(shí)遛12匹馬。那么對(duì)大型馬術(shù)中心來(lái)說(shuō)，能確保每匹馬都得到運(yùn)動(dòng)和鍛煉卻又不需要騎手來(lái)提供訓(xùn)練。 If horses are low in the social order and are in danger of abuse from their herd mates, they may not do well in a turnout with higher socially ranked animals and a horse walker allows them to see other horses without being in danger.
如果馬匹在馬群中等級(jí)很低，那么它在馬群中就容易受到同伴的欺負(fù)，它們可能在遛馬過(guò)程中得不到好的鍛煉，而遛馬機(jī)則能避免這種情況，讓它能在見(jiàn)到同伴的同時(shí)又不會(huì)被同伴傷害。For show animals whose coats must remain in unblemished condition, the horse walker roof keeps the sun or rain off the coat. It also allows the horses to be easily exercised when weather conditions prevent riding in outdoor arenas.
對(duì)用于表演的馬來(lái)說(shuō)，馬毛必須被維護(hù)的非常好，帶屋頂?shù)腻揆R機(jī)器能阻止陽(yáng)光和雨水對(duì)馬毛的損害。同時(shí)還讓馬在天氣不好的情況下也能輕松的鍛煉。Regardless of the management system used, it’s worthwhile to cater to the horse’s nature by making turnout part of his daily schedule.
無(wú)論如果管理，讓馬能通過(guò)每天有計(jì)劃的遛馬，對(duì)馬來(lái)說(shuō)都是一件非常愉快的事情。






作者：凱瑟琳 · 戴維斯

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