Background: Despite an increasing number of studies revealing both the benefits and harms of social media use on well-being, there is heterogeneity and a lack of consensus on how social media use is conceptualized, defined, and measured. Additionally, little is known whether existing literature focuses on ill-being or well-being outcomes and whether studies use theories. Objective: The main objective of this review was to examine (1) how social media use has been conceptualized and measured, (2) what health and well-being outcomes have been focused on, and (3) whether studies used theories. Methods: Studies were located through a comprehensive search strategy involving 4 steps. First, keyword searches were conducted on 6 major databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, ProQuest, and Annual Reviews. Second, a search was conducted on Google Scholar using the same sets of search terms, and the first 100 results were examined. Third, the reference sections of reviews identified in the first 2 rounds of searches were examined, and finally, the reference lists of the final set of papers included in the review were searched. Through a multistage screening, papers that met our inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: The review included a total of 233 papers published between 2007 and 2020 in 51 different countries. While 66 (28%) of the studies investigated the effects of the problematic use or addiction of social media on health and well-being, 167 (72%) studied the effects of social media use as a “normal” behavior. Most of the studies used measures assessing the time users spend using social media. Most of the studies that examined the effects of problematic social media use or addiction used addiction scales. Most studies examined the association of social media use with mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and loneliness. While there are a considerable number of studies investigating physical health outcomes such as self-rated health, sleep, and sitting time or lack of physical activity, relatively a small number of studies examined social, psychological, and emotional well-being. Most of the studies 183 (79%) did not use any theory. Conclusions: Most studies conceptualized social media use as a “normal” behavior and mostly used time-spent measures, whereas a considerable number of studies conceptualized social media use as an addiction and used various addiction measures. The studies disproportionately focused on investigating the associations of social media use with negative health and well-being outcomes. The findings suggest the need for going beyond time spent to more sophisticated measurement approaches that consider the multiplicity of activities that users perform on social media platforms and the need for more theory-based studies on the association of social media use with not only negative well-being or “ill-being” but also with positive health and well-being outcomes.

中文翻譯：

健康與福祉研究中社交媒體使用的概念化和衡量：系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)

背景：盡管越來(lái)越多的研究揭示了社交媒體使用對(duì)幸福感的好處和危害，但對(duì)于如何概念化、定義和衡量社交媒體使用存在異質(zhì)性且缺乏共識(shí)。此外，人們對(duì)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)是否關(guān)注疾病或幸福結(jié)果以及研究是否使用理論知之甚少。目的：本次綜述的主要目的是檢查（1）如何概念化和衡量社交媒體的使用，（2）關(guān)注哪些健康和福祉結(jié)果，以及（3）研究是否使用了理論。方法：研究是通過(guò)涉及 4 個(gè)步驟的綜合搜索策略找到的。首先，在 6 個(gè)主要數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵詞搜索：PubMed、Web of Science、PsycINFO、Embase、ProQuest 和 Annual Reviews。其次，使用相同的搜索詞組在 Google Scholar 上進(jìn)行搜索，并檢查了前 100 個(gè)結(jié)果。第三，檢查了前兩輪檢索中確定的綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)部分，最后檢索了綜述中包含的最終論文集的參考文獻(xiàn)列表。通過(guò)多階段篩選，對(duì)符合我們納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的論文進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果：此次審查共收錄了 2007 年至 2020 年間在 51 個(gè)不同國(guó)家發(fā)表的 233 篇論文。其中 66 項(xiàng) (28%) 的研究調(diào)查了社交媒體的有問(wèn)題的使用或成癮對(duì)健康和福祉的影響，而 167 項(xiàng) (72%) 的研究則研究了社交媒體使用作為“正?！毙袨榈挠绊憽４蠖鄶?shù)研究都采用了評(píng)估用戶使用社交媒體的時(shí)間的措施。大多數(shù)研究有問(wèn)題的社交媒體使用或成癮的影響的研究都使用成癮量表。大多數(shù)研究探討了社交媒體的使用與抑郁、焦慮、自尊和孤獨(dú)等精神疾病的關(guān)系。雖然有大量研究調(diào)查身體健康結(jié)果，例如自評(píng)健康、睡眠、靜坐時(shí)間或缺乏體力活動(dòng)，相對(duì)較少的研究考察了社會(huì)、心理和情感健康。大多數(shù)研究 183 (79%) 沒(méi)有使用任何理論。結(jié)論：大多數(shù)研究將社交媒體使用概念化為“正?！毙袨?，并且大多使用花費(fèi)時(shí)間的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而相當(dāng)多的研究將社交媒體使用概念化為一種成癮行為，并使用各種成癮衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些研究不成比例地側(cè)重于調(diào)查社交媒體使用與負(fù)面健康和福祉結(jié)果的關(guān)聯(lián)。研究結(jié)果表明，需要超越花費(fèi)的時(shí)間，采用更復(fù)雜的測(cè)量方法，考慮用戶在社交媒體平臺(tái)上進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)的多樣性，并且需要對(duì)社交媒體的使用與負(fù)面健康之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行更多基于理論的研究。存在或“不適”，但也具有積極的健康和福祉結(jié)果。

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