首頁資訊性別刻板印象的變與不變?來自內容、方法與影響的證據(jù)

性別刻板印象的變與不變?來自內容、方法與影響的證據(jù)

來源：泰然健康網(wǎng) 時間：2024年12月15日 13:06

摘要：

性別刻板印象作為一種社會認知, 是人們對男性和女性的特征、屬性和行為的普遍信念。在社會變遷的宏大背景下, 研究者通過傳統(tǒng)方法(過去?現(xiàn)在?未來評價范式、橫斷序列設計、橫斷歷史元分析)和新近技術(詞嵌入)探討了性別刻板印象變遷。雖然有少許研究聲稱性別刻板印象未隨時間發(fā)生變化, 但大部分研究基于社會角色理論, 都支持性別刻板印象已隨時間發(fā)生變遷。變遷模式主要表現(xiàn)為：認為女性在男性化特征(如能動性)上不斷增長, 而男性在女性化特征上(如共生性)可能有所增長。這些變遷對縮小經(jīng)濟上的性別差異具有積極作用, 但也可能會給家庭和健康帶來消極后果。未來研究應在多學科交叉、多方法融合的基礎上, 以細化方式、網(wǎng)絡視角去考察性別刻板印象變遷, 尤其要重視在中國文化背景下對該主題的探究。

關鍵詞: 社會變遷, 性別刻板印象變遷, 社會角色理論, 能動性, 共生性

Abstract:

Stereotypes have been defined as beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of people classified into social categories. Stereotypes are traditionally perceived as resistant to change. However, they may be changed under contexts of the impacts of societal changes on human culture and psychology. Given that gender stereotypes are expected to be more unshakable than other stereotypes (e.g., race stereotypes), it implies that there is a potential for changing other stereotypes, provided that gender stereotypes can be changed. Therefore, this article reviewed changes in gender stereotypes from their contents, methods, and consequences.
According to the social role theory, gender stereotypes are built on social roles. Therefore, gender stereotypes are expected to change with the changes in the roles of men and women. Considerable studies have found that gender stereotypes have changed. Specifically, some studies have shown that women are perceived to increase their masculine characteristics (e.g., agency) over time, while men are not perceived to increase feminine characteristics (e.g., communion). Differently, others have indicated that both women and men are perceived to increase in counterstereotypical traits over time. However, in contrast to these findings depicting changes in gender stereotypes, several studies did not find significant changes, and they believed that gender stereotypes persist over time. One of the possible reasons for these conflicting findings is that different methods have been used in previous studies.
The research methods of gender stereotype changes can be divided into traditional methods and new techniques. The traditional methods usually involve the past-present-future rating paradigm, cross-sequential design, and cross-temporal meta-analysis. Word embedding, as a new technique, has become increasingly important in recent years. All research methods have their relative advantages and disadvantages.
The consequences of gender stereotype changes can be categorized into positive and negative outcomes. In terms of positive outcomes, gender stereotype changes increase the possibility of men being involved in more household labor, which may result in better relationship quality for the couple. Besides, the new male role in parental care for children generates many benefits, such as better academic performance, higher levels of self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems in children. Additionally, gender stereotype changes can promote women’s economic independence and reduce the gender gap. However, there are also negative outcomes with the changes in gender stereotypes. Specifically, these changes intensify low fertility rates and birth rates. Notably, even if gender stereotypes towards targets become more and more positive over time, targets may not treat the stereotypes as compliments. On the contrary, they may perceive the stereotypes as a form of gender prejudice, eventually impairing interpersonal and intergroup relationships.
Further research on gender stereotype changes can be discussed from the following aspects: first, it is important for researchers to conduct studies with diverse research methods in the future. Second, future research should pay attention to not treating gender stereotypes as a single construct. Instead, they should be investigated through the perspective of classification (e.g., descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes). Third, given that stereotypical gender characteristics seem to interact with each other to build gender stereotypes, future research should examine gender stereotype changes by treating gender stereotypes as a complex system from a network approach. Last, we should not ignore cultural impacts on gender stereotype changes. Given that China has undergone more unprecedented societal transformations than Western countries over the past decades, the social roles in China have undergone tremendous changes. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate gender stereotype changes in China. Furthermore, not only the gender stereotype changes, future studies need to explore changes in stereotypes about other categories, such as race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, classes, and religion.

Key words: societal changes, gender stereotype changes, social role theory, agency, communion

中圖分類號:

B849: C91

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