摘要:

目的

增加自然接觸機(jī)會(huì)是實(shí)現(xiàn)全民健身、提升人民健康水平的重要路徑，以國(guó)家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系建設(shè)是促進(jìn)公眾自然接觸的新陣地，但國(guó)內(nèi)研究相對(duì)不足。分析自然保護(hù)地促進(jìn)公眾健康的國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為中國(guó)依托自然保護(hù)地體系促進(jìn)公共健康、助力“健康中國(guó)”戰(zhàn)略提供借鑒和啟示。

方法

通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研、內(nèi)容分析、對(duì)比研究和個(gè)案分析，分析和借鑒以自然保護(hù)地促進(jìn)公眾健康的國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

結(jié)果

系統(tǒng)梳理了國(guó)際自然保護(hù)地促進(jìn)公眾健康的全球運(yùn)動(dòng)——“健康公園健康人”（HPHP）的起源和發(fā)展，從愿景與目標(biāo)、管理機(jī)構(gòu)與合作伙伴、法律法規(guī)和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃等方面提取了澳大利亞、美國(guó)和歐盟等國(guó)家HPHP運(yùn)動(dòng)的共性。以美國(guó)HPHP體系為例，從國(guó)家、區(qū)域和保護(hù)地單元3個(gè)層面，解析了美國(guó)國(guó)家公園管理局多層級(jí)、專(zhuān)業(yè)化的公共健康促進(jìn)策略，從明確定位、科學(xué)研究、政策制定、規(guī)劃計(jì)劃、多方合作、設(shè)施建設(shè)、活動(dòng)策劃7個(gè)方面總結(jié)了美國(guó)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

結(jié)論

由此提出針對(duì)中國(guó)開(kāi)展自然保護(hù)地促進(jìn)公共健康研究與實(shí)踐的7點(diǎn)啟示，分別為明確愿景及定位、加強(qiáng)科學(xué)研究、建構(gòu)管理基礎(chǔ)、編制多層級(jí)規(guī)劃、發(fā)展廣泛的伙伴關(guān)系、建設(shè)完善健康設(shè)施體系、開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)多元化的活動(dòng)。

Abstract:

Objective

This paper intends to provide inspiration and references for promoting public health in the protected area system by analyzing and comparing international experiences of the Healthy Parks Healthy People strategy globally. The exposure to natural environment and green spaces can increase the frequency of physical activities among urban and rural residents, which consequently enhances the immunity of body, reduces the potential risks of disease, and significantly improves the health level of the whole population in the full life cycle. Globally, protected areas have become a frontier that can provide opportunities to improve public contact with nature, as those large-size green spaces can extensively attract visitors and are likely to promote more enduring and intensive outdoor physical activities. Although such national programs as Protected Areas System Building in China and Healthy China Initiative have co-created an unprecedented historic opportunity to promote public health in the protected areas in China, it is still rare to see relevant researches and practice in China. The global movement of Healthy Parks Healthy People (HPHP) is widely identified as an effective approach to promoting public health in conservation areas. However, the experience of the movement has not been systematically studied or even noticed by Chinese scholars. In view of the aforementioned gaps, this research aims to achieve the following objectives: 1) summarize the global origin and development of HPHP movement; 2) identify representative countries that are successful in promoting HPHP, and draw lessons at national, regional and protected area scales; 3) summarize the global experience of HPHP movement to promote public health in protected areas and expound on potential countermeasures adaptable to China's protected area system.

Methods

By literature review and content analysis, this research collects materials about HPHP from relevant literature, official websites, government reports and other documents, to analyze the historical trends of HPHP and select some representative countries. The research adopts a comparative method to compare similarities and differences between those selected countries or regions (Australia, U.S. and Europe), mostly from the following five aspects: vision, objective, partnership, key area and organization. In addition, the research conducts a case study on the Hot Spring National Park in the U.S.

Results

The research finds that: 1) the strategy of HPHP was firstly put forward in 1999 by Parks Victoria in Australia, and by now this global movement has gone through three significant historical stages, namely the Formation Stage (1865–1999), Inception Stage (1999–2010) and Development Stage (2011 to present). 2) By comparing the HPHP system among Australia, U.S. and Europe, the research recognizes several distinctive features, including clear objective and vision, professional management agency, extensive partnership, legislation, regulation and strategic planning. 3) As the U.S. is acknowledged as the country with the most comprehensive HPHP system worldwide, the research analyzes and presents the HPHP implementation experience of the U.S. respectively from national, regional and local perspectives. Nationally, the Health and Wellness Executive Steering Committee (HWESC) was established in 2010 by the NPS to facilitate the program of "HPHP US". Regionally, a project entitled "HPHP: the Bay Area" was implemented to connect national parks, urban parks and other open green spaces to boost physical activities partnerships urban dwellers. From the perspective of protected area, Hot Spring National Park was showcased as a typical case, since it is the place where the notion of park prescription was preliminarily proposed, and is famous for all-around and distinctive HPHP promotion strategies. 4) The research classifies the U.S. experience in implementing HPHP projects into the seven aspects of clear vision orientation, scientific research, policy formulation, planning and design, multi-party cooperation, facility construction and event planning, all of which can provide imperative inspirations to China's protected area system.

Conclusion

The research concludes that there are seven major strategies for promoting public health in China's protected areas system in response to several national programs such as Protected Areas System Building in China, Healthy China Initiative and National Park System Building in China. Specifically, the aforesaid strategies include clarifying objective and orientation, reinforcing scientific strategy, arranging management staff to secure the operation system, formulating multi-level plans to facilitate the implementation of relevant policies, developing widespread partnerships with governments, institutions, medical organizations, non-government organizations, media, etc., improving health facilities in protected areas, and designing diversified and attempting activities to attract visitors. Promoting public health based on the protected area system remains a frontier field in China, and there are plenty of knowledge gaps to be filled. This research presents as a comprehensive review of the global HPHP movement, based on which the inspirations put forward are still preliminary and conceptual in this almost blank research field. We hereby call for more theoretical and empirical researches on the healthy dimension of protected areas, which is an integral part of the social impact of protected areas.

圖  1   HPHP發(fā)展的時(shí)間線(xiàn)

Figure  1.   Timeline of HPHP development

圖  2   “HPHP美國(guó)”工作邏輯模型

Figure  2.   Working logic model of NPS HPHP

圖  3   “HPHP美國(guó)”開(kāi)展的豐富多樣的活動(dòng)類(lèi)型

Figure  3.   Types of activities carried out by HPHP US

圖  4   HPHP區(qū)域合作路線(xiàn)圖

Figure  4.   Roadmap for regional cooperation on HPHP

圖  5   1915年溫泉國(guó)家公園的公園處方[34, 37]

Figure  5.   Park prescription of the Hot Springs National Park in 1915[34, 37]

圖  6   溫泉國(guó)家公園開(kāi)展HPHP計(jì)劃前關(guān)注的六大方面內(nèi)容

Figure  6.   Six major aspects that the Hot Springs National Park paid attention to before launching the HPHP program

圖  7   溫泉國(guó)家公園HPHP行動(dòng)計(jì)劃[36-37]

Figure  7.   Hot Springs National Park HPHP Action Plan[36-37]

表  1   澳大利亞維多利亞州、美國(guó)和歐洲的HPHP運(yùn)動(dòng)比較

Table  1   Comparison of HPHP movement across Victoria, Australia, the U.S. and Europe

地區(qū) 典型性 愿景 目標(biāo) 管理機(jī)構(gòu) 重點(diǎn)關(guān)注領(lǐng)域 伙伴關(guān)系 文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源 澳大利亞維多利亞州 最早提出HPHP理念 與社區(qū)建立包容、互利的伙伴關(guān)系 1）充分認(rèn)識(shí)公園對(duì)促進(jìn)健康和福祉的重要性；2）減少使用公園的障礙；3）更多的人通過(guò)體力活動(dòng)喜歡上公園；4）醫(yī)療人員定期參與相關(guān)工作；5）增強(qiáng)國(guó)民與公園的聯(lián)結(jié)；6）創(chuàng)造新的健康和福祉旅游市場(chǎng) 多部門(mén)代表組成的工作組，包括維多利亞公園局，維多利亞體育與娛樂(lè)局，環(huán)境、土地、水和規(guī)劃部門(mén)，以及衛(wèi)生與人類(lèi)服務(wù)部門(mén) 1）為所有維多利亞人提供健康的場(chǎng)所和環(huán)境；2）互惠互利的伙伴關(guān)系；3）收集人群健康信息和證據(jù)；4）公園在促進(jìn)健康、福祉方面發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用；5）促進(jìn)健康的工作場(chǎng)所 環(huán)境、社區(qū)和衛(wèi)生部門(mén)，醫(yī)療保健機(jī)構(gòu)，自然保護(hù)組織，慈善組織，科研院所，企業(yè)，志愿者，特殊需求人員 [16][22] 美國(guó) 最完善的HPHP體系 有助于建立一個(gè)健康、公正和可持續(xù)的世界 3個(gè)健康公園目標(biāo)：1）讓國(guó)家公園成為促進(jìn)健康的場(chǎng)所；2）提升公園和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康；3）改進(jìn)設(shè)施、規(guī)劃和環(huán)境有助于優(yōu)化健康績(jī)效4個(gè)健康人目標(biāo)：1）NPS員工致力于為訪(fǎng)客帶來(lái)健康生活；2）人們受到啟發(fā)，參與公園活動(dòng)以改善健康；3）社區(qū)參與和伙伴關(guān)系增強(qiáng)了公園的健康績(jī)效；4）提高當(dāng)?shù)睾蛥^(qū)域社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)福祉和復(fù)原力 國(guó)家公園管理局健康與福祉執(zhí)行指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)，國(guó)家公園管理局公共衛(wèi)生辦公室 1）健康的生境；2）健康娛樂(lè)；3）健康和可持續(xù)的食品；4）健康科學(xué)相關(guān)研究；5）健康的未來(lái)，含新技術(shù)、新政策、新伙伴關(guān)系等 美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生部，國(guó)家、州和地方公園，企業(yè)，醫(yī)療保健機(jī)構(gòu)，科研團(tuán)隊(duì)，基金會(huì)，倡導(dǎo)組織等 [23][24][25] 歐洲 聯(lián)合歐盟多國(guó)共同建設(shè) 更快樂(lè)、更健康的人群與充滿(mǎn)自然的保護(hù)地有更緊密的聯(lián)系 1）提供無(wú)障礙設(shè)施，讓人們參與促進(jìn)健康的活動(dòng)；2）更多的政策、實(shí)踐和伙伴關(guān)系，最大限度地發(fā)掘自然保護(hù)地改善公共健康、提高健康福祉和減少健康不平等方面的潛力；3）讓更多的人群享受到自然暴露的健康益處，并以此讓人們更加支持自然保護(hù)事業(yè) 歐洲國(guó)家公園聯(lián)盟（Europarc Federation） 1）打造典型案例；2）建立伙伴關(guān)系：3）發(fā)展能力和實(shí)踐；4）連接人群和自然 衛(wèi)生部門(mén) [26][27] [1] 中華人民共和國(guó)中央人民政府. 健康中國(guó)行動(dòng)(2019—2030年)[R/OL]. (2019-07-15)[2022-10-19]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-07/15/content_5409694.htm.

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