摘要：

審美對象特有的刺激屬性會喚起觀賞者特定的情緒或情感反應。個體在欣賞自然、藝術品和其他人類作品時會產生審美愉悅體驗。審美愉悅-興趣模型(PIA)認為, 審美愉悅體驗包含審美過程中自動化加工階段的審美愉悅和控制加工階段的審美興趣。近年來, 神經美學研究表明, 負責愉悅和獎賞的眶額葉皮層在審美過程中廣泛激活, 是自動化加工階段初級審美愉悅獎賞的神經基礎, 而審美過程中紋狀體亞回路中不同的連接和功能作用與兩個階段中審美愉悅的產生都有關聯; 上述結果支持了審美愉悅-興趣模型。但審美高峰體驗時默認模式網絡(DMN)相關腦區(qū)的激活和負責控制與理性思維的外側前額葉皮層等腦區(qū)的失活, 提示在PIA模型強調的自動化加工階段審美愉悅和控制加工階段審美興趣之上, 還有整合升華階段的審美沉浸愉悅, PIA模型需得到進一步的擴展。未來研究應進一步檢驗審美愉悅認知加工模型及神經機制, 探索審美對創(chuàng)造力的影響機制和神經基礎, 探討不同審美經驗愉悅機制的異同。

關鍵詞: 神經美學, 審美愉悅, 加工機制, 審美愉悅-興趣模型

Abstract:

The aesthetic objects arouse aesthetic pleasure that is specific and intense. The Pleasure-Interest Aesthetic model (PIA) suggests that aesthetic processing is a dual-process including the automatic process for sensory pleasure and the control process for aesthetic interest pleasure. Here we review recent work on the neural substrates of aesthetic pleasure. A large body of studies demonstrates that the orbitofrontal cortex is automatically activated by the objects of aesthetic appreciation. The orbitofrontal cortex which is responsible for automatic emotion regulation and reward processing of pleasure is generally activated in aesthetic activities and it is the neural basis of the automatic processing for sensory pleasure. Different modes of functional connectivity with the striatum support different aspects of aesthetic processing: the release of endogenous dopamine in the caudate nucleus is concentrated in the early aesthetic stage, and then gradually decreases during the in-depth process of aesthetic experience, while the release of endogenous dopamine in the nucleus accumbens gradually increases during the in-depth phase. This is evidence for the PIA model. However, additional brain circuitry is engaged such that the default mode network (DMN) is activated and the lateral prefrontal cortex is deactivated when the aesthetic flow experience occurs, indicating that beyond the dual-process highlighted by the PIA model there is a higher level of aesthetic flow pleasure. The automatic processing for sensory pleasure and the control processing for aesthetic interest pleasure are different from the aesthetic flow pleasure. Aesthetic flow pleasure is not the satisfaction of the needs of the senses, but the high-level pleasure which is liberated from the spirit; it is the experience of the soul gaining strength and courage and it is related to a clear self-consciousness. Therefore, aesthetic flow pleasure is independent of the automatic processing for sensory pleasure and the control processing for aesthetic interest pleasure. We point out that the PIA model needs to be expanded to include this dimension of aesthetic processing. The extended model includes three levels of aesthetic pleasure including sensory pleasure, aesthetic interest pleasure, and aesthetic flow pleasure. They are generated respectively in three stages of aesthetic appreciation: automatic processing, controlled processing, and integration and sublimation. Further studies should be conducted on how the aesthetic experience could impact upon creativity and to what extent different aesthetic experiences have the same or differential neural bases for giving rise to aesthetic pleasure.

Key words: neuroaesthetics, aesthetic pleasure, processing mechanisms, pleasure-interest aesthetic model

中圖分類號: 

B842

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